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Diamondoid hydrocarbons as indicators of natural oil cracking

Author

Listed:
  • J. E. Dahl

    (Stanford University)

  • J. M. Moldowan

    (Stanford University)

  • K. E. Peters

    (Mobil Exploration and Producing Technical Center)

  • G. E. Claypool

    (Mobil Exploration and Producing Technical Center)

  • M. A. Rooney

    (Mobil Exploration and Producing Technical Center)

  • G. E. Michael

    (Conoco Inc.)

  • M. R. Mello

    (Research and Development Center, Petrobras, Cidade Univeritaria)

  • M. L. Kohnen

    (Shell International Exploration and Production)

Abstract

Oil cracking—the thermal breakdown of heavy hydrocarbons to smaller ones—takes place within oil-bearing rock formations at depths commonly accessed by commercial oil wells. The process ultimately converts oil into gas and pyrobitumen, and thus limits the occurrence of petroleum and the success of exploration. Thermal cracking of liquid petroleum increases with depth until it reaches completion at the so-called ‘oil deadline’, which is generally placed1,2 at around 5 km depth and at temperatures of 150–175 °C. However, cracking experiments3,4,5,6,7,8 and the discovery of relatively ‘hot’ oil reservoirs9,10 imply that petroleum is thermally more stable than previously assumed; in fact it has been suggested that liquid petroleum might persist at temperatures reaching6,11,12,13 or even exceeding3,14 200 °C. But reliable estimates of the extent of oil cracking and the depth at which it occurs in any given reservoir are difficult to obtain. Here we demonstrate that the relative abundance of diamondoids, a class of petroleum compounds whose unique thermal stability leads to their progressive concentration during cracking15, can be used to identify the occurrence and estimate the extent of oil destruction and the oil deadline in a particular basin. We are also able to identify oils consisting of mixtures of high- and low-maturity components, demonstrating that our method yields valuable information on the cracking and mixing processes affecting petroleum systems.

Suggested Citation

  • J. E. Dahl & J. M. Moldowan & K. E. Peters & G. E. Claypool & M. A. Rooney & G. E. Michael & M. R. Mello & M. L. Kohnen, 1999. "Diamondoid hydrocarbons as indicators of natural oil cracking," Nature, Nature, vol. 399(6731), pages 54-57, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:nat:nature:v:399:y:1999:i:6731:d:10.1038_19953
    DOI: 10.1038/19953
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    Cited by:

    1. Yifeng Wang & Weibing Shen & Jian Li & Chen Zhang & Hongzhe Xie & Shuo Chen & Quzong Baima & Chunhong Wang, 2024. "Multi-Factor Controlling Diversity of the Ordovician Hydrocarbon Phase in the Tazhong I Block, Tarim Basin, NW China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-16, February.
    2. Jianyong Zhang & Yongguang Xin & Hao Zhang & Han Tian & Wei Chen & Xinjian Zhu, 2023. "Self-Sourced Unconventional Tight Marlstone Reservoir Potential from Evaporative Lagoon of Triassic Leikoupo Formation in the Central Sichuan Basin," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-16, June.
    3. Carlos Boente & Gonzalo Márquez & Patricia Marín & Emilio Romero & Cristina Rodrigues & Marco Antonio Guzmán, 2020. "Classical Biomarker and Quantitative Extended Diamondoid Analysis Fingerprints for Crude Oils from Deepwater Developments in Block 17, Lower Congo Basin, Angola," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(19), pages 1-14, October.
    4. Qianru Wang & Haiping Huang & Chuan He & Zongxing Li, 2021. "Differential Thermal Evolution between Oil and Source Rocks in the Carboniferous Shale Reservoir of the Qaidam Basin, NW China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-14, October.
    5. Rongzhen Qiao & Meijun Li & Donglin Zhang & Zhonghong Chen & Hong Xiao, 2024. "Evaporative Fractionation as the Important Formation Mechanism of Light Oil Reservoirs in the Dongying Depression, NE China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(15), pages 1-19, July.
    6. Marcos Escobar & Gonzalo Márquez & Blanca Guerrero & Patricia Marín & Carlos Boente & Antonio Bernardo-Sánchez & Emilio Romero & Albert Permanyer, 2020. "Origin and Biodegradation of Crude Oils from the Northernmost Fields in the Bolivar Coastal Complex (Zulia State, Venezuela)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-20, October.

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