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Raman spectroscopy as probe of nanometre-scale strain variations in graphene

Author

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  • C. Neumann

    (JARA-FIT and 2nd Institute of Physics, RWTH Aachen University
    Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich)

  • S. Reichardt

    (JARA-FIT and 2nd Institute of Physics, RWTH Aachen University)

  • P. Venezuela

    (Instituto de Fsica, Universidade Federal Fluminense)

  • M. Drögeler

    (JARA-FIT and 2nd Institute of Physics, RWTH Aachen University)

  • L. Banszerus

    (JARA-FIT and 2nd Institute of Physics, RWTH Aachen University)

  • M. Schmitz

    (JARA-FIT and 2nd Institute of Physics, RWTH Aachen University)

  • K. Watanabe

    (National Institute for Materials Science,1-1 Namiki)

  • T. Taniguchi

    (National Institute for Materials Science,1-1 Namiki)

  • F. Mauri

    (IMPMC, UMR CNRS 7590, Sorbonne Universités—UPMC Univ. Paris 06, MNHN, IRD)

  • B. Beschoten

    (JARA-FIT and 2nd Institute of Physics, RWTH Aachen University)

  • S. V. Rotkin

    (JARA-FIT and 2nd Institute of Physics, RWTH Aachen University
    Lehigh University)

  • C. Stampfer

    (JARA-FIT and 2nd Institute of Physics, RWTH Aachen University
    Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich)

Abstract

Confocal Raman spectroscopy has emerged as a major, versatile workhorse for the non-invasive characterization of graphene. Although it is successfully used to determine the number of layers, the quality of edges, and the effects of strain, doping and disorder, the nature of the experimentally observed broadening of the most prominent Raman 2D line has remained unclear. Here we show that the observed 2D line width contains valuable information on strain variations in graphene on length scales far below the laser spot size, that is, on the nanometre-scale. This finding is highly relevant as it has been shown recently that such nanometre-scaled strain variations limit the carrier mobility in high-quality graphene devices. Consequently, the 2D line width is a good and easily accessible quantity for classifying the crystalline quality, nanometre-scale flatness as well as local electronic properties of graphene, all important for future scientific and industrial applications.

Suggested Citation

  • C. Neumann & S. Reichardt & P. Venezuela & M. Drögeler & L. Banszerus & M. Schmitz & K. Watanabe & T. Taniguchi & F. Mauri & B. Beschoten & S. V. Rotkin & C. Stampfer, 2015. "Raman spectroscopy as probe of nanometre-scale strain variations in graphene," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 6(1), pages 1-7, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:6:y:2015:i:1:d:10.1038_ncomms9429
    DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9429
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    Cited by:

    1. Daniel Vaquero & Vito Clericò & Michael Schmitz & Juan Antonio Delgado-Notario & Adrian Martín-Ramos & Juan Salvador-Sánchez & Claudius S. A. Müller & Km Rubi & Kenji Watanabe & Takashi Taniguchi & Be, 2023. "Phonon-mediated room-temperature quantum Hall transport in graphene," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-6, December.
    2. Alberto Montanaro & Giulia Piccinini & Vaidotas Mišeikis & Vito Sorianello & Marco A. Giambra & Stefano Soresi & Luca Giorgi & Antonio D’Errico & K. Watanabe & T. Taniguchi & Sergio Pezzini & Camilla , 2023. "Sub-THz wireless transmission based on graphene-integrated optoelectronic mixer," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-14, December.
    3. Josef Schätz & Navin Nayi & Jonas Weber & Christoph Metzke & Sebastian Lukas & Jürgen Walter & Tim Schaffus & Fabian Streb & Eros Reato & Agata Piacentini & Annika Grundmann & Holger Kalisch & Michael, 2024. "Button shear testing for adhesion measurements of 2D materials," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-11, December.
    4. Xin Gao & Liming Zheng & Fang Luo & Jun Qian & Jingyue Wang & Mingzhi Yan & Wendong Wang & Qinci Wu & Junchuan Tang & Yisen Cao & Congwei Tan & Jilin Tang & Mengjian Zhu & Yani Wang & Yanglizhi Li & L, 2022. "Integrated wafer-scale ultra-flat graphene by gradient surface energy modulation," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-9, December.
    5. Fankai Zeng & Ran Wang & Wenya Wei & Zuo Feng & Quanlin Guo & Yunlong Ren & Guoliang Cui & Dingxin Zou & Zhensheng Zhang & Song Liu & Kehai Liu & Ying Fu & Jinzong Kou & Li Wang & Xu Zhou & Zhilie Tan, 2023. "Stamped production of single-crystal hexagonal boron nitride monolayers on various insulating substrates," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-7, December.

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