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Highly efficient dual photoredox/copper catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization achieved through mechanism-driven photocatalyst design

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  • Woojin Jeon

    (Seoul National University)

  • Yonghwan Kwon

    (Seoul National University)

  • Min Sang Kwon

    (Seoul National University)

Abstract

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) with dual photoredox/copper catalysis combines the advantages of photo-ATRP and photoredox-mediated ATRP, utilizing visible light and ensuring broad monomer scope and solvent compatibility while minimizing side reactions. Despite its popularity, challenges include high photocatalyst (PC) loadings (10 to 1000 ppm), requiring additional purification and increasing costs. In this study, we discover a PC that functions at the sub-ppm level for ATRP through mechanism-driven PC design. Through studying polymerization mechanisms, we find that the efficient polymerizations are driven by PCs whose ground state oxidation potential—responsible for PC regeneration—play a more important role than their excited state reducing power, responsible for initiation. This is verified by screening PCs with varying redox potentials and triplet excited state generation capabilities. Based on these findings, we identify a highly efficient PC, 4DCDP-IPN, featuring moderate excited state reducing power and a maximized ground state oxidation potential. Employing this PC at 50 ppb, we synthesize poly(methyl methacrylate) with high conversion, narrow molecular weight distribution, and high chain-end fidelity. This system exhibits oxygen tolerance and supports large-scale reactions under ambient conditions. Our findings, driven by the systematic PC design, offer meaningful insights for controlled radical polymerizations and metallaphotoredox-mediated syntheses beyond ATRP.

Suggested Citation

  • Woojin Jeon & Yonghwan Kwon & Min Sang Kwon, 2024. "Highly efficient dual photoredox/copper catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization achieved through mechanism-driven photocatalyst design," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-13, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:15:y:2024:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-024-49509-1
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49509-1
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wei-Wei Fang & Gui-Yu Yang & Zi-Hui Fan & Zi-Chao Chen & Xun-Liang Hu & Zhen Zhan & Irshad Hussain & Yang Lu & Tao He & Bi-En Tan, 2023. "Conjugated cross-linked phosphine as broadband light or sunlight-driven photocatalyst for large-scale atom transfer radical polymerization," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-10, December.
    2. Qiang Ma & Jinshuai Song & Xun Zhang & Yu Jiang & Li Ji & Saihu Liao, 2021. "Metal-free atom transfer radical polymerization with ppm catalyst loading under sunlight," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 12(1), pages 1-8, December.
    3. Yonghwan Kwon & Seokju Lee & Junkyu Kim & Jinwon Jun & Woojin Jeon & Youngjoo Park & Hyun-Joong Kim & Johannes Gierschner & Jaesang Lee & Youngdo Kim & Min Sang Kwon, 2024. "Ultraviolet light blocking optically clear adhesives for foldable displays via highly efficient visible-light curing," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-11, December.
    4. Yonghwan Kwon & Jungwook Lee & Yeonjin Noh & Doyon Kim & Yungyeong Lee & Changhoon Yu & Juan Carlos Roldao & Siyang Feng & Johannes Gierschner & Reinhold Wannemacher & Min Sang Kwon, 2023. "Formation and degradation of strongly reducing cyanoarene-based radical anions towards efficient radical anion-mediated photoredox catalysis," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-15, December.
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