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Seasonal specialization drives divergent population dynamics in two closely related butterflies

Author

Listed:
  • Loke Schmalensee

    (Stockholm University
    Stockholm University)

  • Pauline Caillault

    (Stockholm University)

  • Katrín Hulda Gunnarsdóttir

    (Stockholm University)

  • Karl Gotthard

    (Stockholm University
    Stockholm University)

  • Philipp Lehmann

    (Stockholm University
    Stockholm University
    University of Greifswald)

Abstract

Seasons impose different selection pressures on organisms through contrasting environmental conditions. How such seasonal evolutionary conflict is resolved in organisms whose lives span across seasons remains underexplored. Through field experiments, laboratory work, and citizen science data analyses, we investigate this question using two closely related butterflies (Pieris rapae and P. napi). Superficially, the two butterflies appear highly ecologically similar. Yet, the citizen science data reveal that their fitness is partitioned differently across seasons. Pieris rapae have higher population growth during the summer season but lower overwintering success than do P. napi. We show that these differences correspond to the physiology and behavior of the butterflies. Pieris rapae outperform P. napi at high temperatures in several growth season traits, reflected in microclimate choice by ovipositing wild females. Instead, P. rapae have higher winter mortality than do P. napi. We conclude that the difference in population dynamics between the two butterflies is driven by seasonal specialization, manifested as strategies that maximize gains during growth seasons and minimize harm during adverse seasons, respectively.

Suggested Citation

  • Loke Schmalensee & Pauline Caillault & Katrín Hulda Gunnarsdóttir & Karl Gotthard & Philipp Lehmann, 2023. "Seasonal specialization drives divergent population dynamics in two closely related butterflies," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-13, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:14:y:2023:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-023-39359-8
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39359-8
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    1. Viktoriia Radchuk & Thomas Reed & Céline Teplitsky & Martijn Pol & Anne Charmantier & Christopher Hassall & Peter Adamík & Frank Adriaensen & Markus P. Ahola & Peter Arcese & Jesús Miguel Avilés & Jav, 2019. "Adaptive responses of animals to climate change are most likely insufficient," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 10(1), pages 1-14, December.
    2. Carpenter, Bob & Gelman, Andrew & Hoffman, Matthew D. & Lee, Daniel & Goodrich, Ben & Betancourt, Michael & Brubaker, Marcus & Guo, Jiqiang & Li, Peter & Riddell, Allen, 2017. "Stan: A Probabilistic Programming Language," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 76(i01).
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    1. Xu, Nuo & Wang, Jiacheng & Cui, Yubo & Ren, Shenghao & Deng, Jiangbin & Gou, Qianzhi & Chen, Zhaoyu & Wang, Kaixin & Geng, Yang & Cui, Jiaxi & Li, Meng, 2024. "Butterfly wing-inspired microstructured film with high reflectivity for efficient passive radiative cooling," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).

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