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Complex hazard cascade culminating in the Anak Krakatau sector collapse

Author

Listed:
  • Thomas R. Walter

    (Helmholtz Centre Potsdam)

  • Mahmud Haghshenas Haghighi

    (Helmholtz Centre Potsdam
    Leibniz University Hannover)

  • Felix M. Schneider

    (Helmholtz Centre Potsdam)

  • Diego Coppola

    (Università di Torino)

  • Mahdi Motagh

    (Helmholtz Centre Potsdam
    Leibniz University Hannover)

  • Joachim Saul

    (Helmholtz Centre Potsdam)

  • Andrey Babeyko

    (Helmholtz Centre Potsdam)

  • Torsten Dahm

    (Helmholtz Centre Potsdam)

  • Valentin R. Troll

    (Uppsala University, Villavägen 16
    Universitas Padjajaran (UNPAD))

  • Frederik Tilmann

    (Helmholtz Centre Potsdam
    Freie Universität Berlin)

  • Sebastian Heimann

    (Helmholtz Centre Potsdam)

  • Sébastien Valade

    (Helmholtz Centre Potsdam
    Technische Universität Berlin)

  • Rahmat Triyono

    (Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG), Jl. Angkasa 1 No. 2)

  • Rokhis Khomarudin

    (LAPAN, Remote Sensing Application Center, Jl. Kalisari N0. 8)

  • Nugraha Kartadinata

    (CVGHM - Geological Agency of Indonesia, Jl. Diponegoro No. 57)

  • Marco Laiolo

    (Università di Torino)

  • Francesco Massimetti

    (Università di Torino
    Università di Firenze)

  • Peter Gaebler

    (BGR, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources)

Abstract

Flank instability and sector collapses, which pose major threats, are common on volcanic islands. On 22 Dec 2018, a sector collapse event occurred at Anak Krakatau volcano in the Sunda Strait, triggering a deadly tsunami. Here we use multiparametric ground-based and space-borne data to show that prior to its collapse, the volcano exhibited an elevated state of activity, including precursory thermal anomalies, an increase in the island’s surface area, and a gradual seaward motion of its southwestern flank on a dipping décollement. Two minutes after a small earthquake, seismic signals characterize the collapse of the volcano’s flank at 13:55 UTC. This sector collapse decapitated the cone-shaped edifice and triggered a tsunami that caused 430 fatalities. We discuss the nature of the precursor processes underpinning the collapse that culminated in a complex hazard cascade with important implications for the early detection of potential flank instability at other volcanoes.

Suggested Citation

  • Thomas R. Walter & Mahmud Haghshenas Haghighi & Felix M. Schneider & Diego Coppola & Mahdi Motagh & Joachim Saul & Andrey Babeyko & Torsten Dahm & Valentin R. Troll & Frederik Tilmann & Sebastian Heim, 2019. "Complex hazard cascade culminating in the Anak Krakatau sector collapse," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 10(1), pages 1-11, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:10:y:2019:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-019-12284-5
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12284-5
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    Cited by:

    1. Jens Karstens & Gareth J. Crutchley & Thor H. Hansteen & Jonas Preine & Steven Carey & Judith Elger & Michel Kühn & Paraskevi Nomikou & Florian Schmid & Giacomo Dalla Valle & Karim Kelfoun & Christian, 2023. "Cascading events during the 1650 tsunamigenic eruption of Kolumbo volcano," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-10, December.
    2. Teuku Riefky & Faizal Rahmanto Moeis & Yusuf Sofiyandi & Muhammad Adriansyah & Anas Izzuddin & Aqilah Farhani & Sendy Jasmine, 2021. "Resilient Infrastructure in Indonesia: A Way Forward," LPEM FEBUI Working Papers 202164, LPEM, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Indonesia, revised 2021.
    3. Matthias Rauter & Sylvain Viroulet & Sigríður Sif Gylfadóttir & Wolfgang Fellin & Finn Løvholt, 2022. "Granular porous landslide tsunami modelling – the 2014 Lake Askja flank collapse," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-13, December.
    4. Juan Camilo Gomez-Zapata & Cristhian Parrado & Theresa Frimberger & Fernando Barragán-Ochoa & Fabio Brill & Kerstin Büche & Michael Krautblatter & Michael Langbein & Massimiliano Pittore & Hugo Rosero, 2021. "Community Perception and Communication of Volcanic Risk from the Cotopaxi Volcano in Latacunga, Ecuador," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-26, February.

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