Cyber Risks to National Security: Manipulation of the Electoral Process Through the Use of Bots and Algorithms on Social Platforms

Developments in digital technologies and the growth of social media networks have brought to the forefront new risks and vulnerabilities to national security, including the manipulation of elections through cyber-assisted means. This article examines at a theoretical level how bots and advanced algorithms are being used to disseminate disinformation, amplify controversial content and influence public perceptions during election campaigns. The study briefly analyzes the mechanisms through which these digital tools exploit the vulnerabilities of social media platforms, with a direct impact on the transparency of the democratic process. The legal implications of these practices are discussed, as well as countermeasures adopted at national and international level. Finally, the article proposes solutions to strengthen the cyber defense capacity of states and protect the electoral process from cyber threats.