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Labour Market Disadvantages of Citizens with a Migration Background in Belgium: A Systematic Review

Author

Listed:
  • Louise Devos

    (Ghent University and Centre for the Social Study of Migration and Refugees)

  • Louis Lippens

    (Ghent University and Centre for the Social Study of Migration and Refugees)

  • Dries Lens

    (Herman Deleeck Centre for Social Policy (University of Antwerp))

  • François Rycx

    (CEBRIG & DULBEA (Université Libre de Bruxelles), Soci&Ter, IRES, GLO and IZA)

  • Mélanie Volral

    (Soci&Ter (Université de Mons))

  • Stijn Baert

    (Ghent University, University of Antwerp, Université Catholique de Louvain and IZA)

Abstract

Labour markets struggle to be inclusive, while diversity is increasing. This literature review examines labour market challenges faced by first- and second-generation migrants in Belgium. We systematically review articles published between 2010 and 2023 in the Web of Science Core Collection to delineate underlying mechanisms, associated solutions, policy recommendations and literature gaps. The literature reveals that individuals with a migration background generally experience poorer labour market outcomes than natives. These outcomes vary based on specific origin and gender and persist from the first into the second generation. The mechanisms underlying these poorer outcomes are discrimination, individual preferences, and human and social capital differences. Recommendations for employers include implementing standardised hiring procedures and fostering awareness of discrimination among recruiters. On the employee side, investing in human capital, increasing labour market knowledge, and having competencies formally recognised can help to narrow employment gaps. Our review also advocates for policy refinement to combat biases and suggests that alternative pathways to attaining employment, such as self-employment and volunteering, are promising areas for future research.

Suggested Citation

  • Louise Devos & Louis Lippens & Dries Lens & François Rycx & Mélanie Volral & Stijn Baert, 2025. "Labour Market Disadvantages of Citizens with a Migration Background in Belgium: A Systematic Review," De Economist, Springer, vol. 173(1), pages 121-175, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:kap:decono:v:173:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1007_s10645-024-09443-5
    DOI: 10.1007/s10645-024-09443-5
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Belgium; Migration; Labour market; Systematic review;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J15 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J18 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Public Policy

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