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Foreign Direct Investment and Income Inequality in Southeast Asia: a Panel Unit Root and Panel Cointegration Analysis, 1990–2013

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  • Hyungsun Chloe Cho

    (Trinity College)

  • Miguel D. Ramirez

    (Trinity College)

Abstract

This paper examines the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and income distribution in the host country as measured by the Gini coefficient. After providing some background and reviewing the extant literature, it undertakes a panel unit root and cointegration analysis that tests whether FDI has a non-linear impact on income inequality in seven selected Southeast Asian countries over the period 1990 to 2013. The paper finds strong evidence for panel cointegration using the Pedroni Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) tests. Thus, it proceeds to utilize the group-mean fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) procedure to generate long-run estimates that are unbiased and consistent. The FMOLS estimator is also extremely accurate even in panels with very heterogeneous serial correlation dynamics, fixed effects, and endogenous regressors. The results confirm the hypothesis that FDI inflows tend to raise income inequality in the short run but reduce it in the long run. In this study, the Gini index starts decreasing after FDI inflows as a percentage of GDP reaches 5.6. The fact that the Gini coefficient reaches its maximum at a relatively low level of FDI inflows suggests that sample countries are endowed with substantial absorptive capacity. In other words, they will shift into the new technological paradigm quickly, thus supporting pro-globalization claims that, on balance, FDI is more beneficial than harmful.

Suggested Citation

  • Hyungsun Chloe Cho & Miguel D. Ramirez, 2016. "Foreign Direct Investment and Income Inequality in Southeast Asia: a Panel Unit Root and Panel Cointegration Analysis, 1990–2013," Atlantic Economic Journal, Springer;International Atlantic Economic Society, vol. 44(4), pages 411-424, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:kap:atlecj:v:44:y:2016:i:4:d:10.1007_s11293-016-9521-7
    DOI: 10.1007/s11293-016-9521-7
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    Cited by:

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    2. Léleng Kebalo & Hamitande Dout & Mawuli K. Couchoro & Stéphane Zouri, 2022. "Intégration – commerciale, budgétaire, financière – régionale et inégalités de revenu dans la Communauté Economique des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEDEAO)," African Development Review, African Development Bank, vol. 34(S1), pages 102-116, July.
    3. , Le Thanh Tung, 2022. "Impact of foreign direct investment on inequality in emerging economies: Does the Kuznets curve hypothesis exist?," OSF Preprints 34fmy, Center for Open Science.
    4. Carreras, Oriol & Davis, E. Philip & Piggott, Rebecca, 2018. "Assessing macroprudential tools in OECD countries within a cointegration framework," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 112-130.
    5. Nguyen, Van Bon, 2021. "The Relationship Between FDI and Income Inequality: Does Governance Environment Matter?," Asian Journal of Applied Economics, Kasetsart University, Center for Applied Economics Research, vol. 28(1).
    6. Dr. Ameenullah Aman & Dr. Usman Ahmad & Sumera Muhammad Saleem, 2021. "Investigating the Link Between Macroeconomic Factors and Income Inequality of Asian Countries," iRASD Journal of Economics, International Research Alliance for Sustainable Development (iRASD), vol. 3(3), pages 376-387, December.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Gini coefficient; Foreign direct investment (FDI); Fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS); Panel unit roots; Panel cointegration test; Southeast Asian countries;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C33 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models
    • O10 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - General
    • O53 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Asia including Middle East

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