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Educación superior gratuita y equidad

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  • José Delfino

    (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Departamento de Economía y Finanzas (Córdoba, Argentina))

Abstract

El protagonismo que tiene la tecnología en los procesos productivosmodernos está confiriendo a la educación, y particularmente a la superior,una importancia creciente en la determinación del nivel de vida de un paísy por consiguiente en las posibilidades de progreso económico y social desus habitantes. Todos los gobiernos contribuyen en distinta medida afinanciarla para aumentar su difusión porque entienden que proporcionabeneficios externos a toda la comunidad, que se trata de un bien meritorio,y que de ese modo ayudan a lograr una sociedad mas igualitaria. Sinembargo, la sospecha de que un elevado aporte público o aún la gratuidadpodrían ser insuficientes para alcanzar esa igualdad de oportunidades dioorigen a numerosos estudios orientados a determinar quienes son losverdaderos beneficiarios de ese subsidio implícito. Con el objeto de reunirevidencias empíricas en esta dirección el trabajo agrupa a las familiasconforme a sus niveles de ingreso, calcula los beneficios que les proporcionala matriculación gratuita y su contribución al financiamiento medianteel pago de tributos, y estima por diferencia los subsidios que recibecada grupo. Sus resultados en líneas generales sugieren que la educaciónsuperior gratuita parece tener en Argentina un moderado efectoredistributivo progresivo desde los ricos y regresivo desde los pobres hacia las clases media, y media alta, una circunstancia que se explicaría porqueel sistema tributario es progresivo, los pobres tienen dificultades de acceso,el sector privado ofrece buenas opciones a los ricos, y los individuosprovenientes de las clases media y media alta son usuarios intensivos delsistema. / Higher education has an increasing importance in shaping countries standard of living and socio - economic conditions of its citizens. Governments around the world contribute to its financing in the belief that education is a merit good, provides external benefits and help to achieve a more egalitarian society. However, the presumption that a relevant amount of state aid or even gratuity could not be enough to reach the equality of educational opportunities gave rise to several studies aimed at identifying the true beneficiary of the subsidy hidden in public funding. In order to explore the income distribution effects of state aid this paper groups households according to income levels, estimates the benefits that receive each of them measured as free enrollment, on the one hand, and contributions to financing through the tax system on the other, and thus obtains the net transfers. Its findings suggest that in Argentina higher education seems to have both a moderate progressive redistribution effect from the rich and regressive from the poor towards the middle class. A behaviour that is explained because tax system is progressive, poor have access barriers, private institutions offer good quality options to wealthy citizens and a large fraction of people belonging to middle class attend the public higher education sector.

Suggested Citation

  • José Delfino, 2004. "Educación superior gratuita y equidad," Revista de Economía y Estadística, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Instituto de Economía y Finanzas, vol. 42(1), pages 141-160, Junio.
  • Handle: RePEc:ief:reveye:v:42:y:2004:i:1:p:141-160
    DOI: 10.55444/2451.7321.2004.v42.n1.3802
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Robert J. Barro, 1991. "Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 106(2), pages 407-443.
    2. Kane, Thomas J., 1997. "Beyond Tax Relief: Long-Term Challenges in Financing Higher Education," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association, vol. 50(2), pages 335-49, June.
    3. Kane, Thomas J., 1997. "Beyond Tax Relief: Long-Term Challenges in Financing Higher Education," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 50(2), pages 335-349, June.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Public Policy; Educational Finance;

    JEL classification:

    • I2 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education

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