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Issues and Challenges in Spatial and Temporal Water Allocation in the Nile Delta

Author

Listed:
  • Wouter Wolters

    (Alterra, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands)

  • Robert Smit

    (Central Directorate for Water Resources, National Water Resources Unit, c/o Ministry of Water resources and Irrigation, Corniche El Nil, Imbaba, 12666 Giza, Egypt
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Mohamed Nour El-Din

    (Irrigation & Hydraulics Department of the Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, 1 El Sarayat Street, Abbasseya, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Eman Sayed Ahmed

    (Planning Sector, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Imbaba, 12666 Giza, Egypt
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Jochen Froebrich

    (Alterra, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Henk Ritzema

    (Water Resources Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

“Egypt is a gift of the Nile,” wrote Herodotus, and indeed, without the Nile there would be no Egypt as the world knows it. Egypt is mainly dependent on the flow in the Nile River (with an agreed share of 55.5 BCM) and it receives about 1.3 BCM rainfall annually (mainly along the north coast). The overall water use efficiency is already high, due to e.g., water scarcity and reuse of drainage water. Egypt’s water resources are managed by the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRI), with agriculture as by far the largest user of irrigation water, with a share of about 85%. The purpose of the paper is to discuss the major issues and challenges in the spatial and temporal allocation of water, in relation to a free cropping pattern and the characteristics of the irrigation system. We conclude that the current world-wide call for “crop-demand-based precision irrigation supply” will not be easily attainable in Egypt. Instead, “water security” in the form of “guaranteed or agreed” water supply may be a preferred water allocation aim for various reasons, including lack of large storage possibilities, impossibility of fine-tuning supplies in the system, and the needed capacity to deal with (future) droughts. Although the paper concentrates on technical issues, it is increasingly realized that the challenges are not only of a technical nature and that there is a need for integration of policies as well as a need to establish effective science–business–policy interfaces at the national level.

Suggested Citation

  • Wouter Wolters & Robert Smit & Mohamed Nour El-Din & Eman Sayed Ahmed & Jochen Froebrich & Henk Ritzema, 2016. "Issues and Challenges in Spatial and Temporal Water Allocation in the Nile Delta," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(4), pages 1-12, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:8:y:2016:i:4:p:383-:d:68491
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Safwat Abdel-Dayem, 2011. "Water Quality Management in Egypt," International Journal of Water Resources Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 27(1), pages 181-202, March.
    2. World Bank, 2015. "World Development Indicators 2015," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 21634.
    3. Inas El-Gafy, 2014. "System Dynamic Model for Crop Production, Water Footprint, and Virtual Water Nexus," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 28(13), pages 4467-4490, October.
    4. World Bank, 2007. "Making the Most of Scarcity : Accountability for Better Water Management Results in the Middle East and North Africa," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 6845.
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    Cited by:

    1. Ritzema, Henk & Abdel-Dayem, Safwat & El-Atfy, Hussein & Nasralla, Magdy Rashad & Shaheen, Hanny Saad, 2023. "Challenges in modernizing the subsurface drainage systems in Egypt," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    2. Hassan A. Awaad & Elsayed Mansour & Mohammad Akrami & Hassan E.S. Fath & Akbar A. Javadi & Abdelazim Negm, 2020. "Availability and Feasibility of Water Desalination as a Non-Conventional Resource for Agricultural Irrigation in the MENA Region: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-14, September.

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