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Modeling and Nonlinear Analysis of Plant–Soil Moisture Interactions for Sustainable Land Management: Insights for Desertification Mitigation

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  • Ge Kai

    (School of Materials Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China
    School of Statistics and Mathematics, Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics, Hohhot 010070, China
    MESA LAB, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA)

  • Yongquan Han

    (School of Materials Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China)

  • Necdet Sinan Özbek

    (MESA LAB, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
    Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering, Adana Alparslan Türkeş Science and Technology University, Adana 01250, Türkiye
    Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering, Çukurova University, Adana 01250, Türkiye)

  • Wensai Ma

    (Department of Mechanics, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China)

  • Yaze Liu

    (Department of Mechanics, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China)

  • Gengyun He

    (School of Statistics and Mathematics, Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics, Hohhot 010070, China)

  • Xinyu Zhao

    (School of Statistics and Mathematics, Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics, Hohhot 010070, China)

  • Yangquan Chen

    (MESA LAB, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA)

Abstract

This research explores the dynamics of vegetation patterns under changing environmental conditions, considering the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 15: “Protect, restore, and promote the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems; combat desertification; halt and reverse land degradation; and prevent biodiversity loss”. In this context, this study presents a modeling and nonlinear analysis framework for plant–soil-moisture interactions, including Holling-II functional response and hyperbolic mortality models. The primary goal is to explore how nonlinear soil–water interactions influence vegetation patterns in semi-arid ecosystems. Moreover, the influence of nonlinear soil–water interaction on the establishment of population patterns is investigated. The formation and evolution of these patterns are explored using theoretical analysis and numerical simulations, as well as important factors and critical thresholds. These insights are crucial for addressing desertification, a key challenge in semi-arid regions that threatens biodiversity, ecosystem services, and sustainable land management. The model, which includes environmental parameters such as rainfall, plant growth rates, and soil moisture, was tested using both theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. These characteristics are carefully adjusted to find important thresholds influencing the danger of desertification. Simulation scenarios, run under set initial conditions and varying parameters, yield useful insights into the pattern of patch development under dynamically changing environmental conditions. The findings revealed that changes in environmental conditions, such as rainfall and plant growth rates, prompted Hopf bifurcation, resulting in the production of three distinct patterns: a dotted pattern, a striped pattern, and a combination of both. The creation of these patterns provides essential information about the sustainability of environmental equilibrium. The variation curve of the average plant biomass reveals that the biomass fluctuates around a constant period, with the amplitude initially increasing, then decreasing, and gradually stabilizing. This research provides a solid foundation for addressing desertification risks, using water resources responsibly, and contributing to a better understanding of ecosystem stability.

Suggested Citation

  • Ge Kai & Yongquan Han & Necdet Sinan Özbek & Wensai Ma & Yaze Liu & Gengyun He & Xinyu Zhao & Yangquan Chen, 2025. "Modeling and Nonlinear Analysis of Plant–Soil Moisture Interactions for Sustainable Land Management: Insights for Desertification Mitigation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-21, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:3:p:1327-:d:1585104
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Song, Mingrui & Gao, Shupeng & Liu, Chen & Bai, Yue & Zhang, Lei & Xie, Beilong & Chang, Lili, 2023. "Cross-diffusion induced Turing patterns on multiplex networks of a predator–prey model," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    2. Zehui Wang & Kangning Xiong & Chenxu Wu & Ding Luo & Jie Xiao & Chuhong Shen, 2023. "Characteristics of Soil Moisture Variation in Agroforestry in Karst Region," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-16, January.
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    4. Xue Xu & Luyao Liu & Peng Han & Xiaoqian Gong & Qing Zhang, 2022. "Accuracy of Vegetation Indices in Assessing Different Grades of Grassland Desertification from UAV," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-15, December.
    5. Ramya Seenivasan & Prosenjit Paul, 2024. "Turing patterns in exploited predator–prey systems with habitat loss," The European Physical Journal B: Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, Springer;EDP Sciences, vol. 97(11), pages 1-15, November.
    6. Günther Kerschbaumer & Gerhard Karrer & Edith Gruber & Johann G. Zaller, 2024. "Soil and Vegetation Characteristics of Grassland Have a Greater Influence on the Abundance and Diversity of Earthworms than the Mowing Intensity in a Managed Nature Reserve," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-14, May.
    7. Wensheng He & Xiao Yue, 2023. "Collaborative Governance in Desertification Control in China: A Case Study of Hobq Desert," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-15, January.
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