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Study on Non-Metal-Induced EPFRs in PM 2.5 Generated from Flue Gas of Cellulose Combustion

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Listed:
  • Lixin Zhang

    (School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China)

  • Boru An

    (School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China)

  • Jingmin Chen

    (School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China)

  • Yuwei Zhang

    (School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China)

  • Guojiao Yu

    (School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China)

Abstract

Environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are a type of environmental risk substances existing in atmospheric particulate matter, which pose a challenge to human survival and sustainable development. The current understanding is that the formation mechanism of EPFRs is generally related to metallic materials. However, this study analyzed the PM 2.5 generated from cellulose combustion and found that EPFRs could be generated even without the metallic materials. Therefore, this paper explores the emission characteristics of non-metal-induced EPFRs, aiming to reveal the influencing factors, distribution, and decay characteristics of non-metal-induced EPFRs generated from cellulose combustion. The results show that combustion conditions such as combustion temperature and oxygen concentration have a significant impact on the emission concentration of non-metal-induced EPFRs in PM 2.5 from cellulose combustion. The emission concentrations of non-metal-induced EPFRs in PM 2.5 are at the order of magnitude of 10 14 spins/m 3 and over 50% is distributed in the inextricable substances. Their g-factor are in the range from 2.0015 to 2.0022, indicating that these EPFRs are carbon-centered radicals. Furthermore, non-metal-induced EPFRs in PM 2.5 from cellulose combustion have a half-life of several years or even longer, which exhibit distinct characteristics different from metal-induced EPFRs.

Suggested Citation

  • Lixin Zhang & Boru An & Jingmin Chen & Yuwei Zhang & Guojiao Yu, 2025. "Study on Non-Metal-Induced EPFRs in PM 2.5 Generated from Flue Gas of Cellulose Combustion," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-14, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:1:p:301-:d:1559477
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Tammy R. Dugas & Slawomir Lomnicki & Stephania A. Cormier & Barry Dellinger & Margaret Reams, 2016. "Addressing Emerging Risks: Scientific and Regulatory Challenges Associated with Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-17, June.
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