Low-Carbon Transformational Leadership: Conceptualization, Measurement, and Its Impact on Innovation Outcomes

This study introduces and develops the concept of low-carbon transformational leadership (LCTL), focusing on leadership behaviors essential for achieving carbon reduction objectives within organizations. Addressing gaps in current green leadership research, this study distinguishes LCTL from broader green transformational leadership by emphasizing carbon reduction goals rather than general environmental aims. Using a grounded-theory approach, this study conceptualizes LCTL across three core dimensions: fostering a collective vision and alignment in low-carbon transition opportunities, strategic steering and feedback for an effective low-carbon transformation, and adaptive integration and iteration for a resilient low-carbon transformation. To ensure empirical rigor, a comprehensive LCTL scale was developed and validated through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, demonstrating strong internal consistency and construct validity. The predictive validity of the LCTL scale was further tested, showing a significant positive impact on green innovation and green product development outcomes, particularly in carbon-intensive industries. This research provides a nuanced and practical framework for leadership in low-carbon transitions, offering new insights into green leadership by highlighting the role of leadership in advancing climate-centered corporate innovation. The findings underscore the critical importance of adaptive, visionary, and strategic leadership in aligning organizations with carbon-neutral goals and enhancing corporate sustainability practices. These results suggest that companies can embed LCTL principles into their daily operations by setting clear sustainability visions, investing in leadership training, and prioritizing collaborative strategies. Future research could explore sector-specific applications of LCTL, particularly in emerging economies, to further expand its theoretical and practical implications.