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A Review of Atmospheric Deterioration and Sustainable Conservation of Calcareous Stone in Historical Buildings and Monuments

Author

Listed:
  • Yu Yan

    (Department of Architecture, School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China)

  • Yansong Wang

    (Department of Architecture, School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China)

Abstract

Calcareous stones, such as marble and limestone, have been widely used in ancient architecture due to their durability, abundance, and ease of extraction and workability. However, their chemical nature renders them vulnerable to atmospheric pollutants. With industrialization and socio-economic growth, air pollution has severely impacted built heritage, including numerous historical buildings and monuments, particularly under changing climate and environmental conditions. Various forms of degradation, such as acid corrosion, mineral crystallization, and black crusts, are widespread and typically driven by atmospheric pollutants like sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen oxides (NO X ), ozone (O 3 ), and particulates (PM), which accelerate the deterioration of stone surfaces. To develop sustainable mitigation strategies, it is essential to gain an in-depth understanding of these deterioration mechanisms and current technological advancements. This paper first reviews the influencing factors and underlying mechanisms of atmospheric deterioration of calcareous stones. Subsequently, it discusses the advantages and limitations of traditional and advanced conservation and restoration techniques at the micro-level, as well as pollution management strategies that can be adopted. Finally, the challenges of research in this field are highlighted, and directions for the sustainable conservation of calcareous stones are proposed.

Suggested Citation

  • Yu Yan & Yansong Wang, 2024. "A Review of Atmospheric Deterioration and Sustainable Conservation of Calcareous Stone in Historical Buildings and Monuments," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-21, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:23:p:10751-:d:1538966
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Fernando G. Branco & Maria de Lurdes Belgas & Cátia Mendes & Luís Pereira & José Marcos Ortega, 2021. "Mechanical Performance of Lime Mortar Coatings for Rehabilitation of Masonry Elements in Old and Historical Buildings," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-17, March.
    2. Anna Porębska & Izabela Godyń & Krzysztof Radzicki & Elżbieta Nachlik & Paola Rizzi, 2019. "Built Heritage, Sustainable Development, and Natural Hazards: Flood Protection and UNESCO World Heritage Site Protection Strategies in Krakow, Poland," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(18), pages 1-26, September.
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