IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v11y2019i18p4886-d264777.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Built Heritage, Sustainable Development, and Natural Hazards: Flood Protection and UNESCO World Heritage Site Protection Strategies in Krakow, Poland

Author

Listed:
  • Anna Porębska

    (Faculty of Architecture, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Kraków, Poland)

  • Izabela Godyń

    (Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Kraków, Poland)

  • Krzysztof Radzicki

    (Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Kraków, Poland)

  • Elżbieta Nachlik

    (Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Kraków, Poland)

  • Paola Rizzi

    (Department of Architecture, Design and Urban Planning, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy)

Abstract

The protection of larger built-up areas that constitute sections of actively functioning urban zones is a challenge, even under favourable political and economic conditions. The case of Krakow’s historical town centre, which is protected as a historical site by national law and it was placed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites List in 1978, clearly demonstrates how difficult it is to reconcile the passive character of current conservation doctrines with the demands of the free market and growth-oriented economy, when developer pressure is not sufficiently balanced out by public opinion and urban activist movements, when planning tools are incomplete or insufficient, and the criteria according to which strategic decisions are made are of a quantitative rather than a qualitative character. Apart from commonly encountered problems that are associated with the gentrification of town centres or the negative impact of mass tourism, Krakow must also face a growing flood hazard that stems from its specific and unfavourable hydrological and hydrogeological conditions that are compounded by the uncontrolled and uncoordinated expansion of urbanised areas, the decay of the natural environment, and the consequences of climate change. This article presents the multi-aspect site-specific conditions of the historical centre of Krakow, as well as the analysis of its protection as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, in the context of flood protection, while taking into consideration the environmental, economic, and social dimension of heritage. The critical conclusions that are featured in the work indicate both areas of possible immediate remedial action and the potential directions that new integrated protection strategies would take.

Suggested Citation

  • Anna Porębska & Izabela Godyń & Krzysztof Radzicki & Elżbieta Nachlik & Paola Rizzi, 2019. "Built Heritage, Sustainable Development, and Natural Hazards: Flood Protection and UNESCO World Heritage Site Protection Strategies in Krakow, Poland," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(18), pages 1-26, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:18:p:4886-:d:264777
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/18/4886/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/18/4886/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Zoran Vojinovic & Michael Hammond & Daria Golub & Sianee Hirunsalee & Sutat Weesakul & Vorawit Meesuk & Neiler Medina & Arlex Sanchez & Sisira Kumara & Michael Abbott, 2016. "Holistic approach to flood risk assessment in areas with cultural heritage: a practical application in Ayutthaya, Thailand," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 81(1), pages 589-616, March.
    2. Eva Lieberherr & Olivia Odom Green, 2018. "Green Infrastructure through Citizen Stormwater Management: Policy Instruments, Participation and Engagement," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-13, June.
    3. Zoran Vojinovic & Michael Hammond & Daria Golub & Sianee Hirunsalee & Sutat Weesakul & Vorawit Meesuk & Neiler Medina & Arlex Sanchez & Sisira Kumara & Michael Abbott, 2016. "Holistic approach to flood risk assessment in areas with cultural heritage: a practical application in Ayutthaya, Thailand," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 81(1), pages 589-616, March.
    4. Philip J. Ward & Brenden Jongman & Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts & Paul D. Bates & Wouter J. W. Botzen & Andres Diaz Loaiza & Stephane Hallegatte & Jarl M. Kind & Jaap Kwadijk & Paolo Scussolini & Hessel C. W, 2017. "A global framework for future costs and benefits of river-flood protection in urban areas," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 7(9), pages 642-646, September.
    5. Hartmann, Thomas & Spit, Tejo, 2016. "Legitimizing differentiated flood protection levels – Consequences of the European flood risk management plan," Environmental Science & Policy, Elsevier, vol. 55(P2), pages 361-367.
    6. Brenden Jongman, 2018. "Effective adaptation to rising flood risk," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 9(1), pages 1-3, December.
    7. Mao, Xuhui & Jia, Haifeng & Yu, Shaw L., 2017. "Assessing the ecological benefits of aggregate LID-BMPs through modelling," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 353(C), pages 139-149.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ernestyna Szpakowska-Loranc, 2021. "Multi-Attribute Analysis of Contemporary Cultural Buildings in the Historic Urban Fabric as Sustainable Spaces—Krakow Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-25, May.
    2. Mateusz Gyurkovich & Jacek Gyurkovich, 2021. "New Housing Complexes in Post-Industrial Areas in City Centres in Poland Versus Cultural and Natural Heritage Protection—With a Particular Focus on Cracow," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-36, January.
    3. Yadviga Tynchenko & Vladislav Kukartsev & Vadim Tynchenko & Oksana Kukartseva & Tatyana Panfilova & Alexey Gladkov & Van Nguyen & Ivan Malashin, 2024. "Landslide Assessment Classification Using Deep Neural Networks Based on Climate and Geospatial Data," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-26, August.
    4. Ana Momčilović Petronijević & Predrag Petronijević, 2022. "Floods and Their Impact on Cultural Heritage—A Case Study of Southern and Eastern Serbia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-25, November.
    5. Anna Porębska & Krzysztof Muszyński & Izabela Godyń & Kinga Racoń-Leja, 2023. "City and Water Risk: Accumulated Runoff Mapping Analysis as a Tool for Sustainable Land Use Planning," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-21, July.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jin Su & Mo Wang & Mohd Adib Mohammad Razi & Norlida Mohd Dom & Noralfishah Sulaiman & Lai-Wai Tan, 2023. "A Bibliometric Review of Nature-Based Solutions on Urban Stormwater Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-23, April.
    2. Laura Turconi & Francesco Faccini & Alessandra Marchese & Guido Paliaga & Marco Casazza & Zoran Vojinovic & Fabio Luino, 2020. "Implementation of Nature-Based Solutions for Hydro-Meteorological Risk Reduction in Small Mediterranean Catchments: The Case of Portofino Natural Regional Park, Italy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-22, February.
    3. Seong Yun Cho & Heejun Chang, 2017. "Recent research approaches to urban flood vulnerability, 2006–2016," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 88(1), pages 633-649, August.
    4. Pilar Baquedano Julià & Tiago Miguel Ferreira, 2021. "From single- to multi-hazard vulnerability and risk in Historic Urban Areas: a literature review," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 108(1), pages 93-128, August.
    5. Alessandra Gandini & Leire Garmendia & Rosa San Mateos, 2017. "Towards sustainable historic cities: mitigation climate change risks," Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, VsI Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Center, vol. 4(3), pages 319-327, March.
    6. H. Zaifoglu & A. M. Yanmaz & B. Akintug, 2019. "Developing flood mitigation measures for the northern part of Nicosia," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 98(2), pages 535-557, September.
    7. K. Graff & C. Lissak & Y. Thiery & O. Maquaire & S. Costa & B. Laignel, 2019. "Analysis and quantification of potential consequences in multirisk coastal context at different spatial scales (Normandy, France)," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 99(2), pages 637-664, November.
    8. Sandra Fatorić & Erin Seekamp, 2017. "Securing the Future of Cultural Heritage by Identifying Barriers to and Strategizing Solutions for Preservation under Changing Climate Conditions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(11), pages 1-20, November.
    9. Si Ha & Hirokazu Tatano & Nobuhito Mori & Toshio Fujimi & Xinyu Jiang, 2021. "Cost–benefit analysis of adaptation to storm surge due to climate change in Osaka Bay, Japan," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 169(3), pages 1-20, December.
    10. Borowska-Stefańska, Marta & Kobojek, Sławomir & Kowalski, Michał & Lewicki, Marek & Tomalski, Przemysław & Wiśniewski, Szymon, 2021. "Changes in the spatial development of flood hazard areas in Poland between 1990 and 2018 in the light of legal conditions," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    11. Mikša, Katažyna & Kalinauskas, Marius & Inácio, Miguel & Pereira, Paulo, 2021. "Implementation of the European Union Floods Directive—Requirements and national transposition and practical application: Lithuanian case-study," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 100(C).
    12. Neiler Medina & Yared Abayneh Abebe & Arlex Sanchez & Zoran Vojinovic, 2020. "Assessing Socioeconomic Vulnerability after a Hurricane: A Combined Use of an Index-Based approach and Principal Components Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-31, February.
    13. Yadong Zhang & Zongkun Li & Jianyou Wang & Wei Ge & Xinyan Guo & Te Wang, 2023. "Influence of soil infiltration and geomorphic change on main parameters of dam-break floods," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 115(3), pages 2223-2236, February.
    14. Sandra Fatorić & Robbert Biesbroek, 2020. "Adapting cultural heritage to climate change impacts in the Netherlands: barriers, interdependencies, and strategies for overcoming them," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 162(2), pages 301-320, September.
    15. Yang Yu & Hui Xu & Xiaohan Wang & Jiahong Wen & Shiqiang Du & Min Zhang & Qian Ke, 2019. "Residents’ Willingness to Participate in Green Infrastructure: Spatial Differences and Influence Factors in Shanghai, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(19), pages 1-15, September.
    16. Henrich Grežo & Matej Močko & Martin Izsóff & Gréta Vrbičanová & František Petrovič & Jozef Straňák & Zlatica Muchová & Martina Slámová & Branislav Olah & Ivo Machar, 2020. "Flood Risk Assessment for the Long-Term Strategic Planning Considering the Placement of Industrial Parks in Slovakia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-20, May.
    17. Antonio Ledda & Elisabetta Anna Di Cesare & Giovanni Satta & Gianluca Cocco & Giovanna Calia & Filippo Arras & Annalisa Congiu & Emanuela Manca & Andrea De Montis, 2020. "Adaptation to Climate Change and Regional Planning: A Scrutiny of Sectoral Instruments," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-15, May.
    18. Cesar Casiano Flores & Joep Crompvoets & Maria Eugenia Ibarraran Viniegra & Megan Farrelly, 2019. "Governance Assessment of the Flood’s Infrastructure Policy in San Pedro Cholula, Mexico: Potential for a Leapfrog to Water Sensitive," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(24), pages 1-28, December.
    19. Syed Ahmad Hakim Bin Syed Muzamil & Noor Yasmin Zainun & Nadiatul Nazleen Ajman & Noralfishah Sulaiman & Shabir Hussain Khahro & Munzilah Md. Rohani & Saifullizan Mohd Bukari Mohd & Hilton Ahmad, 2022. "Proposed Framework for the Flood Disaster Management Cycle in Malaysia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-21, March.
    20. Quntao Yang & Shuliang Zhang & Qiang Dai & Rui Yao, 2020. "Improved Framework for Assessing Vulnerability to Different Types of Urban Floods," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-18, September.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:18:p:4886-:d:264777. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.