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Microbial Protein Production Using Lignocellulosic Biomass (Switchgrass) and Klebsiella oxytoca M5A1 —A Nitrogen Fixer

Author

Listed:
  • Tawakalt Ayodele

    (Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA)

  • Kudirat Alarape

    (Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA)

  • Ibrahim Adebayo Bello

    (Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA)

  • Abodunrin Tijani

    (Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA)

  • Liadi Musiliu

    (Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA)

  • Ademola Hammed

    (Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
    Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA)

Abstract

The expanding global population has increased the demand for sustainable protein sources, and microbial protein (MP) has emerged as a promising alternative. However, conventional carbon (glucose) and nitrogen (ammonia, urea) sources needed for MP production pose environmental and economic issues. This study aims to produce protein using lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) as a carbon source and the nitrogen fixation ability of Klebsiella oxytoca M5A1 as a nitrogen source. The study investigates the pretreatment of LCB (switchgrass), enzymatic hydrolysis, protein quantification, nitrogen fixation, glucose utilization and organic acids production. K. oxytoca M5A1 harnessed free nitrogen from the atmosphere and used abundant, cheap glucose from LCB to produce MP and organic acids as by-products. Protein production occurred in two phases: first within the initial 8 h and secondly, within the last 16 h. The highest protein concentration was at 40 h, with approximately 683.46 µg/mL protein content. High-performance liquid chromatography system (HPLC) analysis revealed a dynamic profile of glucose utilization and organic acids (Lactic acid, Propionic acid, Acetic acid, and Succinic acid) production. K. oxytoca M5A1 exhibited an early high rate of glucose consumption, and conversion to organic acids, that were later used for second-phase protein production. The acids profile revealed intra-conversion from one acid to another via metabolic pathways (glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle). Overall, leveraging LCB and the nitrogen-fixing ability of K. oxytoca M5A1 for MP production offers an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to traditional protein sources, contributing to a sustainable circular economy.

Suggested Citation

  • Tawakalt Ayodele & Kudirat Alarape & Ibrahim Adebayo Bello & Abodunrin Tijani & Liadi Musiliu & Ademola Hammed, 2024. "Microbial Protein Production Using Lignocellulosic Biomass (Switchgrass) and Klebsiella oxytoca M5A1 —A Nitrogen Fixer," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-14, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:13:p:5486-:d:1423887
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Aquino de Souza, Elisangela & Rossi, Daniele Misturini & Záchia Ayub, Marco Antônio, 2014. "Bioconversion of residual glycerol from biodiesel synthesis into 1,3-propanediol using immobilized cells of Klebsiella pneumoniae BLh-1," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 253-257.
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