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Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use

Author

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  • Yosef Abebe

    (Africa Center of Excellence for Water Management, Water Science and Technology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia
    Water and Land Resource Center, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia)

  • Taye Alemayehu

    (Water and Land Resource Center, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia
    Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia)

  • Behailu Birhanu

    (Water and Land Resource Center, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia
    School of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia)

  • Tena Alamirew

    (Water and Land Resource Center, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia
    Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia)

  • Esayas Alemayehu

    (Africa Center of Excellence for Water Management, Water Science and Technology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia
    Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Jimma P.O. Box 378, Ethiopia)

Abstract

This study investigates the concentrations of physicochemical and heavy metal contaminants in the groundwater of the Middle Awash Basin, Ethiopia, to inform targeted water management strategies. A total of 32 groundwater samples were collected from 16 stations via piezometers and boreholes at the end of both the dry (June 2021) and wet (October 2021) seasons. Utilizing Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), and in situ metering, 22 physicochemical and 24 heavy metal parameters were analyzed. The data revealed significant levels of contamination; notably, sample GW11 had extraordinarily high concentrations of total dissolved solids (10,826 mg/L), strontium (908 µg/L), molybdenum (802.4 µg/L), zinc (6060 µg/L), and electrical conductivity (15,645 µS/cm), while GW12 exhibited elevated levels of aluminum (2615 µg/L), zinc (4446 µg/L), and arsenic (117.2 µg/L). Contaminants such as arsenic, vanadium, gallium, lithium, rubidium, chromium, manganese, copper, and zinc were found enriched in groundwater near Lake Beseka, majorly influenced by geogenic activities, volcanic ash, and weathering of rocks. The sampled waters might be affected by human activities including agricultural runoff from sugarcane plantations, sugar factories wastewaters, and agro-industry activities (decade’s activities). Over half of the groundwater sources were unsuitable for drinking, posing significant health risks to local communities that rely heavily on these sources due to limited access to clean surface water. The findings emphasize the urgent need for comprehensive groundwater management and remediation plans in the Middle Awash region to ensure safe and sustainable water use, particularly addressing the variation in contamination levels influenced by Lake Beseka. These measures are critical to protect public health and support local development in the face of ongoing environmental and anthropogenic pressures.

Suggested Citation

  • Yosef Abebe & Taye Alemayehu & Behailu Birhanu & Tena Alamirew & Esayas Alemayehu, 2024. "Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-28, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:12:p:5257-:d:1418910
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jin, L. & Whitehead, P. G. & Bussi, G. & Hirpa, F. & Taye, Meron Teferi & Abebe, Y. & Charles, K., 2021. "Natural and anthropogenic sources of salinity in the Awash River and Lake Beseka (Ethiopia): modelling impacts of climate change and lake-river interactions," Papers published in Journals (Open Access), International Water Management Institute, pages 1-36:100865.
    2. Delgado, C. & Pacheco, J. & Cabrera, A. & Batllori, E. & Orellana, R. & Bautista, F., 2010. "Quality of groundwater for irrigation in tropical karst environment: The case of Yucatán, Mexico," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 97(10), pages 1423-1433, October.
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