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Pedestrian Walking Speed Analysis: A Systematic Review

Author

Listed:
  • Maria Giannoulaki

    (Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, 265 04 Patras, Greece)

  • Zoi Christoforou

    (Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, 265 04 Patras, Greece)

Abstract

(1) Background: Almost all trips include a walking leg. Pedestrian flow dynamics are an essential input to infrastructure design as well as efficient and safe operations. Pedestrian walking speed is the most influential traffic flow variable. This study examines the factors influencing pedestrian walking speed, categorizing them into pedestrian flow characteristics, pedestrian attributes, layout configuration, ambient conditions, and pedestrian behavioral patterns. (2) Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, aggregating studies that investigate pedestrian walking speed across various environments and conditions. The identified factors were systematically categorized, and a meta-analysis was employed to synthesize the results. (3) Results: Speed measurements seem to be dependent on the method and technique employed, with experiments systematically overestimating speed and video recordings systematically underestimating it. Pedestrian density strongly influences speed as in motorized traffic. Being female, being of older age, walking in a group, engaging in social interactions or phone-related tasks, and moving under noise conditions are reported to have a negative impact on walking speed. Carrying baggage and moving under adverse weather conditions are also reported to have a statistically significant impact, but the direction of the impact is not always the same and seems to be very context dependent. (4) Conclusions: The findings highlight the significance of physiological, psychological, and environmental elements in shaping pedestrian behavior and thus speed. Valuable insights from this review can assist researchers, designers, and operators in providing safer, more inclusive, and reliable infrastructures for pedestrians. Future investigations should broaden the scope of data collection methods, particularly indoors.

Suggested Citation

  • Maria Giannoulaki & Zoi Christoforou, 2024. "Pedestrian Walking Speed Analysis: A Systematic Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(11), pages 1-19, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:11:p:4813-:d:1409238
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Marek Franěk & Lukáš Režný & Denis Šefara & Jiří Cabal, 2018. "Effect of Traffic Noise and Relaxations Sounds on Pedestrian Walking Speed," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-13, April.
    2. Zhang, Bosi & Chen, Wenyan & Ma, Xian & Qiu, Ping & Liu, Fupeng, 2020. "Experimental study on pedestrian behavior in a mixed crowd of individuals and groups," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 556(C).
    3. Liang, Mengdi & Xu, Jie & Jia, Limin & Qin, Yong, 2020. "An improved model of passenger merging in a Y-shaped passage," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 540(C).
    4. Tal Krasovsky & Joel Lanir & Yasmin Felberbaum & Rachel Kizony, 2021. "Mobile Phone Use during Gait: The Role of Perceived Prioritization and Executive Control," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-10, August.
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