Evaluation of End Effectors for Robotic Harvesting of Mango Fruit

The task of gripping has been identified as the rate-limiting step in the development of tree-fruit harvesting systems. There is, however, no set of universally adopted ‘specifications’ with standardized measurement procedures for the characterization of gripper performance in the harvest of soft tree fruit. A set of metrics were defined for evaluation of the performance of end effectors used in soft tree-fruit harvesting based on (i) laboratory-based trials using metrics termed ‘picking area’, which was the cross-sectional area in a plane normal to the direction of approach of the gripper to the fruit in which a fruit was successfully harvested by the gripper; ‘picking volume’, which was the volume of space in which fruit was successfully harvested by the gripper; and ‘grasp force’, which was the peak force involved in removing a fruit from the grasp of a gripper; (ii) orchard-based trials using metrics termed ‘detachment success’ and ‘harvest success’, i.e., the % of harvest attempts of fruit on tree (of a given canopy architecture) that resulted in stalk breakage and return of fruit to a receiving area, respectively; and (iii) postharvest damage in terms of a score based on the percentage of fruit and severity of the damage. Evaluations were made of external (skin) damage visible 1 h after gripping and of internal (flesh) damage after ripening of the fruit. The use of the metrics was illustrated in an empirical evaluation of nine gripper designs in the harvest of mango fruit in the context of fruit weight and orientation to the gripper. A design using six flexible fingers achieved a picking area of ~150 cm 2 and a picking volume of 467 cm 3 in laboratory trials involving a 636 g phantom fruit as well as detachment and harvest efficiency rates of 74 and 65%, respectively, in orchard trials with no postharvest damage associated with the harvest of unripe fruit. Additional metrics are also proposed. Use of these metrics in future studies of fruit harvesting is recommended for literature–performance comparisons.