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Sampling of Gas-Phase Intermediate Pyrolytic Species at Various Temperatures and Residence Times during Pyrolysis of Methane, Ethane, and Butane in a High-Temperature Flow Reactor

Author

Listed:
  • Zuhaib Ali Khan

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK)

  • Paul Hellier

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK)

  • Nicos Ladommatos

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK)

  • Ahmad Almaleki

    (Carbon Management Technologies Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

Air pollution in many major cities is endangering public health and is causing deterioration of the environment. Particulate emissions (PM) contribute to air pollution as they carry toxic polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on their surface. Abatement of PM requires continuous strict emission regulation and, in parallel, the development of fuels with reduced formation of PM. Key processes in the formation of PM are the decomposition of hydrocarbon fuels and the synthesis of potential precursors that lead to the formation of benzene rings and thereafter growth to PAHs and eventually PM. Methane, ethane and butane are important components of natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas, and are also widely used in transportation, industrial processes and power generation. This paper reports on a quantitative investigation of the intermediate gaseous species present during pyrolysis of methane, ethane and butane in a laminar flow reactor. The investigation aimed to further the understanding of the decomposition process of these fuels and the subsequent formation of aromatic rings. The pyrolysis of methane, ethane and butane were carried out in a tube reactor under laminar flow conditions and within a temperature range of 869–1213 °C. The fuels were premixed in nitrogen carrier gas at a fixed carbon atom concentration of 10,000 ppm, and were pyrolysed under oxygen-free conditions. Intermediate gaseous species were collected from within the tube reactor at different residence times using a specially designed high-temperature ceramic sampling probe with arrangements to quench and freeze the reactions at entry to the probe. Identification and quantification of intermediate species were carried out using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). During methane pyrolysis, it was observed that as the concentration of acetylene increased, the concentration of benzene also increased, suggesting that the benzene ring is formed via the cyclo trimerisation of acetylene. With all three fuels, all intermediate species disappeared at higher temperatures and residence times, suggesting that those species converted into species higher than benzene, for example naphthalene. It was observed that increasing carbon chain length lowered the temperature at which fuel breakdown occurred and also affected the relative abundance of intermediate species.

Suggested Citation

  • Zuhaib Ali Khan & Paul Hellier & Nicos Ladommatos & Ahmad Almaleki, 2023. "Sampling of Gas-Phase Intermediate Pyrolytic Species at Various Temperatures and Residence Times during Pyrolysis of Methane, Ethane, and Butane in a High-Temperature Flow Reactor," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-19, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:7:p:6183-:d:1115447
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Keramiotis, Ch. & Vourliotakis, G. & Skevis, G. & Founti, M.A. & Esarte, C. & Sánchez, N.E. & Millera, A. & Bilbao, R. & Alzueta, M.U., 2012. "Experimental and computational study of methane mixtures pyrolysis in a flow reactor under atmospheric pressure," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 43(1), pages 103-110.
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