IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v15y2023i5p4390-d1084634.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Optimization of Operational Variables of Electrochemical Water Disinfection Using Response Surface Methodology

Author

Listed:
  • Allah Ditta

    (Centre for Energy Research and Development (CERAD), UET Lahore (New Campus), Lahore 54890, Pakistan)

  • Asif Nadeem Tabish

    (Department of Chemical, Polymer and Composite Materials Engineering, UET Lahore (New Campus), Lahore 39161, Pakistan)

  • Iqra Farhat

    (Department of Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, UET Lahore (New Campus), Lahore 54770, Pakistan)

  • Luqman Razzaq

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan)

  • Yasser Fouad

    (Department of Applied Mechanical Engineering, College of Applied Engineering, Muzahimiyah Branch, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia)

  • Sajjad Miran

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Abbas Mujtaba

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, UET Lahore (New Campus), Lahore 54890, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Abul Kalam

    (School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia)

Abstract

The electrochemical treatment of canal water was investigated in a batch-wise system in the presence of stainless steel 316-grade electrodes. Three effective process parameters, including current density, reaction time, and electrode spacing, were evaluated in the range of 0.25–2.5 mA/cm 2 , 1–10 min, and 0.5–2.5 cm, respectively. Operational variables of electrochemical disinfection are optimized in response surface methodology (RSM) using Box–Behnken design. Before electrochemical disinfection, a pretreatment process of coagulants mixing for turbidity removal was conducted. Results revealed that a 10 ppm dosage of Ferric chloride (FeCl 3 .6H 2 O) and alum (Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·16H 2 O) at neutral pH is appropriate. Furthermore, the RSM analysis shows that interelectrode spacing is the most prominent factor affecting the disinfection performance, and increasing electrode spacing inversely affects the disinfection efficiency. Results revealed that 1.52 mA/cm 2 current density, 6.35 min reaction time, and 1.13 cm of electrode spacing are the optimum conditions, resulting in a statistically 98.08% disinfection of the total coliform. The energy required for electrochemically disinfection of water at optimum conditions was 0.256 kWh/m 3 .

Suggested Citation

  • Allah Ditta & Asif Nadeem Tabish & Iqra Farhat & Luqman Razzaq & Yasser Fouad & Sajjad Miran & Muhammad Abbas Mujtaba & Muhammad Abul Kalam, 2023. "The Optimization of Operational Variables of Electrochemical Water Disinfection Using Response Surface Methodology," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-13, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:5:p:4390-:d:1084634
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/5/4390/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/5/4390/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Guerra, Omar J. & Reklaitis, Gintaras V., 2018. "Advances and challenges in water management within energy systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 4009-4019.
    2. Liu, Yitong & Chen, Bin & Wei, Wendong & Shao, Ling & Li, Zhi & Jiang, Weizhong & Chen, Guoqian, 2020. "Global water use associated with energy supply, demand and international trade of China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
    3. Hoekstra, Arjen Y. & Chapagain, Ashok K., 2007. "The water footprints of Morocco and the Netherlands: Global water use as a result of domestic consumption of agricultural commodities," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(1), pages 143-151, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Shang Liu & Jie Liu & Yafei Huang & Yuanxun Zheng, 2023. "Optimization of Swivel Spherical Hinge Structure Design Based on the Response Surface Method," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-22, June.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Li, Yilin & Chen, Bin & Li, Chaohui & Li, Zhi & Chen, Guoqian, 2020. "Energy perspective of Sino-US trade imbalance in global supply chains," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    2. Ana Luiza Fontenelle & Erik Nilsson & Ieda Geriberto Hidalgo & Cintia B. Uvo & Drielli Peyerl, 2022. "Temporal Understanding of the Water–Energy Nexus: A Literature Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-21, April.
    3. María Jesús Beltrán & Esther Velázquez, 2011. "Del metabolismo social al metabolismo hídrico," Documentos de Trabajo de la Asociación de Economía Ecológica en España 01_2011, Asociación de Economía Ecológica en España.
    4. Okadera, Tomohiro & Geng, Yong & Fujita, Tsuyoshi & Dong, Huijuan & Liu, Zhu & Yoshida, Noboru & Kanazawa, Takaaki, 2015. "Evaluating the water footprint of the energy supply of Liaoning Province, China: A regional input–output analysis approach," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 148-157.
    5. Yu Zhang & Qing Tian & Huan Hu & Miao Yu, 2019. "Water Footprint of Food Consumption by Chinese Residents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-15, October.
    6. Ahmad, Shakeel & Jia, Haifeng & Chen, Zhengxia & Li, Qian & Xu, Changqing, 2020. "Water-energy nexus and energy efficiency: A systematic analysis of urban water systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    7. Kaisheng Luo & Fulu Tao & Juana P. Moiwo, 2018. "Transfer of Virtual Water of Woody Forest Products from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-14, February.
    8. Alamilla-Magaña, J.C. & Carrillo-Ávila, E. & Obrador-Olán, J.J. & Landeros-Sánchez, C. & Vera-Lopez, J. & Juárez-López, J.F., 2016. "Soil moisture tension effect on sugar cane growth and yield," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 264-273.
    9. Hoekstra, A.Y., 2009. "Human appropriation of natural capital: A comparison of ecological footprint and water footprint analysis," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(7), pages 1963-1974, May.
    10. Guojing Li & Xinru Han & Qiyou Luo & Wenbo Zhu & Jing Zhao, 2021. "A Study on the Relationship between Income Change and the Water Footprint of Food Consumption in Urban China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-16, June.
    11. Fatima Zahra Echogdali & Said Boutaleb & Rosine Basseu Kpan & Mohammed Ouchchen & Amine Bendarma & Hasna El Ayady & Kamal Abdelrahman & Mohammed S. Fnais & Kochappi Sathyan Sajinkumar & Mohamed Abioui, 2022. "Application of Fuzzy Logic and Fractal Modeling Approach for Groundwater Potential Mapping in Semi-Arid Akka Basin, Southeast Morocco," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-17, August.
    12. Kan, Siyi & Chen, Bin & Han, Mengyao & Hayat, Tasawar & Alsulami, Hamed & Chen, Guoqian, 2021. "China’s forest land use change in the globalized world economy: Foreign trade and unequal household consumption," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    13. Soleimanzade, Mohammad Amin & Sadrzadeh, Mohtada, 2021. "Deep learning-based energy management of a hybrid photovoltaic-reverse osmosis-pressure retarded osmosis system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 293(C).
    14. Jing Liu & Yu Zhang & Zhongbo Yu, 2018. "Evaluation of Physical and Economic Water-Saving Efficiency for Virtual Water Flows Related to Inter-Regional Crop Trade in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-10, November.
    15. R. R. Weerasooriya & L. P. K. Liyanage & R. H. K. Rathnappriya & W. B. M. A. C. Bandara & T. A. N. T. Perera & M. H. J. P. Gunarathna & G. Y. Jayasinghe, 2021. "Industrial water conservation by water footprint and sustainable development goals: a review," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(9), pages 12661-12709, September.
    16. Jiali Ma & Pei Zhang & Xiaoya Deng & Xiaoying Lai & Cai Ren & Ji Zhang & Jing Liu & Yanfei Zhang & Aihua Long, 2024. "Assessment of Crop Water Footprint and Actual Agricultural Water Consumption in Arid Inland Regions: A Case Study of Aksu Region," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-19, March.
    17. de Oliveira, Glauber Cardoso & Bertone, Edoardo & Stewart, Rodney A., 2022. "Optimisation modelling tools and solving techniques for integrated precinct-scale energy–water system planning," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 318(C).
    18. Craig, Michael T. & Cohen, Stuart & Macknick, Jordan & Draxl, Caroline & Guerra, Omar J. & Sengupta, Manajit & Haupt, Sue Ellen & Hodge, Bri-Mathias & Brancucci, Carlo, 2018. "A review of the potential impacts of climate change on bulk power system planning and operations in the United States," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 255-267.
    19. Hou, Juan-Juan & Wang, Zhen & Zhang, Jiu-Tian & Yu, Shi-Wei & Liu, Lan-Cui, 2022. "Revealing energy and water hidden in Chinese regional critical carbon supply chains," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
    20. Kan, Siyi & Chen, Bin & Chen, Guoqian, 2023. "Globalization of forest land use: Increasing threats on climate-vulnerable regions," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:5:p:4390-:d:1084634. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.