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The Optimization of Operational Variables of Electrochemical Water Disinfection Using Response Surface Methodology

Author

Listed:
  • Allah Ditta

    (Centre for Energy Research and Development (CERAD), UET Lahore (New Campus), Lahore 54890, Pakistan)

  • Asif Nadeem Tabish

    (Department of Chemical, Polymer and Composite Materials Engineering, UET Lahore (New Campus), Lahore 39161, Pakistan)

  • Iqra Farhat

    (Department of Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, UET Lahore (New Campus), Lahore 54770, Pakistan)

  • Luqman Razzaq

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan)

  • Yasser Fouad

    (Department of Applied Mechanical Engineering, College of Applied Engineering, Muzahimiyah Branch, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia)

  • Sajjad Miran

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Abbas Mujtaba

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, UET Lahore (New Campus), Lahore 54890, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Abul Kalam

    (School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia)

Abstract

The electrochemical treatment of canal water was investigated in a batch-wise system in the presence of stainless steel 316-grade electrodes. Three effective process parameters, including current density, reaction time, and electrode spacing, were evaluated in the range of 0.25–2.5 mA/cm 2 , 1–10 min, and 0.5–2.5 cm, respectively. Operational variables of electrochemical disinfection are optimized in response surface methodology (RSM) using Box–Behnken design. Before electrochemical disinfection, a pretreatment process of coagulants mixing for turbidity removal was conducted. Results revealed that a 10 ppm dosage of Ferric chloride (FeCl 3 .6H 2 O) and alum (Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·16H 2 O) at neutral pH is appropriate. Furthermore, the RSM analysis shows that interelectrode spacing is the most prominent factor affecting the disinfection performance, and increasing electrode spacing inversely affects the disinfection efficiency. Results revealed that 1.52 mA/cm 2 current density, 6.35 min reaction time, and 1.13 cm of electrode spacing are the optimum conditions, resulting in a statistically 98.08% disinfection of the total coliform. The energy required for electrochemically disinfection of water at optimum conditions was 0.256 kWh/m 3 .

Suggested Citation

  • Allah Ditta & Asif Nadeem Tabish & Iqra Farhat & Luqman Razzaq & Yasser Fouad & Sajjad Miran & Muhammad Abbas Mujtaba & Muhammad Abul Kalam, 2023. "The Optimization of Operational Variables of Electrochemical Water Disinfection Using Response Surface Methodology," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-13, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:5:p:4390-:d:1084634
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. Hoekstra, Arjen Y. & Chapagain, Ashok K., 2007. "The water footprints of Morocco and the Netherlands: Global water use as a result of domestic consumption of agricultural commodities," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(1), pages 143-151, October.
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    Cited by:

    1. Shang Liu & Jie Liu & Yafei Huang & Yuanxun Zheng, 2023. "Optimization of Swivel Spherical Hinge Structure Design Based on the Response Surface Method," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-22, June.

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