IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v15y2023i4p2966-d1059862.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of a Stabilized Sand Using Geopolymer Made of Wastes and a Natural Pozzolan

Author

Listed:
  • Mahsa Nabizadeh Mashizi

    (Civil Engineering Department, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 7616913439, Iran)

  • Mohammad Hossein Bagheripour

    (Civil Engineering Department, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 7616913439, Iran)

  • Mohammad Mostafa Jafari

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Technical and Vocational University, Tehran 1435761137, Iran)

  • Ehsan Yaghoubi

    (College of Sport, Health and Engineering, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia)

Abstract

In this study, a combination of geopolymers including Rafsanjan Natural Pozzolan (RNP), Cement Kiln Dust (CKD), and an activator such as Calcium Carbide Residue (CCR) or NaOH was used to stabilize and improve the poorly graded sandy soil. Factors such as the activator type, activator concentration, CKD and RNP content were studied. Chemical compounds of the soil and abovementioned materials were investigated using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) detection tests. Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical behavior of the specimens. The findings revealed that CKD, which is a hazardous byproduct, could be turned into an eco-friendly construction material through geopolymerization. The presence of CKD along with NaOH significantly increased the UCS of the samples compared to unstabilized specimens (control 1). Microstructural analyses using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed the desirable distribution of the geopolymer gel in the stabilized soil. According to the SEM images, it was observed that the samples stabilized with CKD had a higher strength than those stabilized with CKD combined with RNP due to the formation of a greater amount of gel and a stable microstructure. The findings of this research promote sustainable ground improvement techniques using waste by-products.

Suggested Citation

  • Mahsa Nabizadeh Mashizi & Mohammad Hossein Bagheripour & Mohammad Mostafa Jafari & Ehsan Yaghoubi, 2023. "Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of a Stabilized Sand Using Geopolymer Made of Wastes and a Natural Pozzolan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-20, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:4:p:2966-:d:1059862
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/4/2966/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/4/2966/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Zhen, Guangyin & Lu, Xueqin & Kato, Hiroyuki & Zhao, Youcai & Li, Yu-You, 2017. "Overview of pretreatment strategies for enhancing sewage sludge disintegration and subsequent anaerobic digestion: Current advances, full-scale application and future perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 559-577.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Wang, Hui & Zeng, Shufang & Pan, Xiaoli & Liu, Lei & Chen, Yunjie & Tang, Jiawei & Luo, Feng, 2022. "Bioelectrochemically assisting anaerobic digestion enhanced methane production under low-temperature," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 1071-1083.
    2. Justyna Górka & Małgorzata Cimochowicz-Rybicka & Dominika Poproch, 2022. "Sludge Management at the Kraków-Płaszów WWTP—Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-11, June.
    3. Huang, Bao-Cheng & He, Chuan-Shu & Fan, Nian-Si & Jin, Ren-Cun & Yu, Han-Qing, 2020. "Envisaging wastewater-to-energy practices for sustainable urban water pollution control: Current achievements and future prospects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    4. Chen, Yi-di & Li, Suping & Ho, Shih-Hsin & Wang, Chengyu & Lin, Yen-Chang & Nagarajan, Dillirani & Chang, Jo-Shu & Ren, Nan-qi, 2018. "Integration of sludge digestion and microalgae cultivation for enhancing bioenergy and biorefinery," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 76-90.
    5. Siwal, Samarjeet Singh & Zhang, Qibo & Devi, Nishu & Saini, Adesh Kumar & Saini, Vipin & Pareek, Bhawna & Gaidukovs, Sergejs & Thakur, Vijay Kumar, 2021. "Recovery processes of sustainable energy using different biomass and wastes," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
    6. Aneta Kowalska & Anna Grobelak & Åsgeir R. Almås & Bal Ram Singh, 2020. "Effect of Biowastes on Soil Remediation, Plant Productivity and Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-24, November.
    7. Tong, Huanhuan & Yao, Zhiyi & Lim, Jun Wei & Mao, Liwei & Zhang, Jingxing & Ge, Tian Shu & Peng, Ying Hong & Wang, Chi-Hwa & Tong, Yen Wah, 2018. "Harvest green energy through energy recovery from waste: A technology review and an assessment of Singapore," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 163-178.
    8. Meng, Xingyao & Wang, Qingping & Zhao, Xixi & Cai, Yafan & Ma, Xuguang & Fu, Jingyi & Wang, Pan & Wang, Yongjing & Liu, Wei & Ren, Lianhai, 2023. "A review of the technologies used for preserving anaerobic digestion inoculum," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    9. Kossińska, Nina & Krzyżyńska, Renata & Ghazal, Heba & Jouhara, Hussam, 2023. "Hydrothermal carbonisation of sewage sludge and resulting biofuels as a sustainable energy source," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 275(C).
    10. Wu, Wei & Chen, Guang & Wang, Zhiwei, 2022. "Enhanced sludge digestion using anaerobic dynamic membrane bioreactor: Effects of hydraulic retention time," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PB).
    11. Brémond, Ulysse & de Buyer, Raphaëlle & Steyer, Jean-Philippe & Bernet, Nicolas & Carrere, Hélène, 2018. "Biological pretreatments of biomass for improving biogas production: an overview from lab scale to full-scale," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 583-604.
    12. Cristiane Romio & Michael Vedel Wegener Kofoed & Henrik Bjarne Møller, 2021. "Digestate Post-Treatment Strategies for Additional Biogas Recovery: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-27, August.
    13. Joanna Kazimierowicz & Marcin Dębowski, 2022. "Aerobic Granular Sludge as a Substrate in Anaerobic Digestion—Current Status and Perspectives," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-24, August.
    14. Andreas Otto Wagner & Nina Lackner & Mira Mutschlechner & Eva Maria Prem & Rudolf Markt & Paul Illmer, 2018. "Biological Pretreatment Strategies for Second-Generation Lignocellulosic Resources to Enhance Biogas Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-14, July.
    15. Kasinath, Archana & Byliński, Hubert & Artichowicz, Wojciech & Remiszewska –Skwarek, Anna & Szopińska, Małgorzata & Zaborowska, Ewa & Luczkiewicz, Aneta & Fudala –Ksiazek, Sylwia, 2023. "Biochemical assays of intensified methane content in biogas from low-temperature processing of waste activated sludge," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
    16. Ruffino, Barbara & Cerutti, Alberto & Campo, Giuseppe & Scibilia, Gerardo & Lorenzi, Eugenio & Zanetti, Mariachiara, 2019. "Improvement of energy recovery from the digestion of waste activated sludge (WAS) through intermediate treatments: The effect of the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the first-stage digestion," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 240(C), pages 191-204.
    17. Hosseini Koupaie, E. & Lin, L. & Bazyar Lakeh, A.A. & Azizi, A. & Dhar, B.R. & Hafez, H. & Elbeshbishy, E., 2021. "Performance evaluation and microbial community analysis of mesophilic and thermophilic sludge fermentation processes coupled with thermal hydrolysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    18. Kasinath, Archana & Fudala-Ksiazek, Sylwia & Szopinska, Malgorzata & Bylinski, Hubert & Artichowicz, Wojciech & Remiszewska-Skwarek, Anna & Luczkiewicz, Aneta, 2021. "Biomass in biogas production: Pretreatment and codigestion," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
    19. Yu, Lu & Yuan, Haiping & Zhu, Nanwen & Shen, Yanwen, 2021. "How does choline change methanogenesis pathway in anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    20. Magdalena Budych-Gorzna & Beata Szatkowska & Lukasz Jaroszynski & Bjarne Paulsrud & Ewelina Jankowska & Tymoteusz Jaroszynski & Piotr Oleskowicz-Popiel, 2021. "Towards an Energy Self-Sufficient Resource Recovery Facility by Improving Energy and Economic Balance of a Municipal WWTP with Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-17, March.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:4:p:2966-:d:1059862. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.