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Trace Metals in PM 10 and Associated Health Risk in Two Urban Sites Located in Campeche

Author

Listed:
  • Julia Griselda Cerón Bretón

    (Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, Calle 56 No.4 Esq, Avenida Concordia Col, Benito Juárez, Ciudad del Carmen 24180, Campeche, Mexico)

  • Rosa María Cerón Bretón

    (Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, Calle 56 No.4 Esq, Avenida Concordia Col, Benito Juárez, Ciudad del Carmen 24180, Campeche, Mexico)

  • Alberto Antonio Espinosa Guzmán

    (Centro de Investigación en Corrosión, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Av. Heroe de Nacozari 480, San Francisco de Campeche 24079, Campeche, Mexico)

  • Marcela Rangel Marrón

    (Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, Calle 56 No.4 Esq, Avenida Concordia Col, Benito Juárez, Ciudad del Carmen 24180, Campeche, Mexico)

  • Claudio Guarnaccia

    (Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy)

  • Domenico Rossi

    (Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy)

  • María de Guadalupe Vargas Canto

    (Environmental Engineering Department, Tecnológico Nacional de México Campus Campeche, Carretera Campeche-Escarcega Km 9, Lerma, San Francisco de Campeche 24500, Campeche, Mexico)

  • Claudia Alejandra Aguilar Ucán

    (Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, Calle 56 No.4 Esq, Avenida Concordia Col, Benito Juárez, Ciudad del Carmen 24180, Campeche, Mexico)

  • Reyna del Carmen Lara Severino

    (Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Carmen Campus III, Av Central s/n, Mundo Maya, Ciudad del Carmen 24153, Campeche, Mexico)

  • Alejandro Ruíz Marín

    (Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, Calle 56 No.4 Esq, Avenida Concordia Col, Benito Juárez, Ciudad del Carmen 24180, Campeche, Mexico)

  • Yunuen Canedo López

    (Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, Calle 56 No.4 Esq, Avenida Concordia Col, Benito Juárez, Ciudad del Carmen 24180, Campeche, Mexico)

  • Carlos Montalvo Romero

    (Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, Calle 56 No.4 Esq, Avenida Concordia Col, Benito Juárez, Ciudad del Carmen 24180, Campeche, Mexico)

  • Simón Eduardo Carranco Lozada

    (Centro de Estudios Científicos y Tecnológicos No. 15 “Diódoro Antúnez Echegaray”, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Calzada Gastón Melo 41, Tenantitla, Milpa Alta, San Antonio Tecómitl, Ciudad de México 12100, Mexico)

  • Evangelina Ramírez Lara

    (Centro de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Guerrero No. 156 Norte, Colonia Cuauhtémoc, San Nicolás de los Garza 66450, Nuevo León, Mexico)

  • Maricela Sallonara Solano Moreno

    (Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, Calle 56 No.4 Esq, Avenida Concordia Col, Benito Juárez, Ciudad del Carmen 24180, Campeche, Mexico)

Abstract

This study reports the trace metal concentrations in PM 10 collected in two urban sites of Campeche, Mexico (the INAH site, located in the downtown, and the TNL site, located in the Tecnologico Nacional de Mexico campus Lerma). Trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) were determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, with Fe and Mn being the most dominant species. Cd and Co showed high values of enrichment factors, indicating that they were highly enriched by anthropogenic sources. A health risk assessment was carried out according to the IRIS-EPA methodology considering both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects and different age and gender population groups. The TNL site showed cancer risk coefficients that exceed the maximum limits established by the EPA and the WHO (1 × 10 −6 and 1 × 10 −5 , respectively), being higher for Cd and Co. The non-carcinogenic risk exceeded the limits recommended by the EPA, being higher in the INAH site for cobalt (HQ = 28.92). There is a latent risk that the exposed population may develop cardiovascular and respiratory diseases due to inhalation of the metals measured in PM 10 . It is necessary to carry out more continuous monitoring campaigns of trace metals linked to PM 10 in this area to enable a better understanding of the effects of these contaminants on the health of the exposed population. The results of the present work constitute the first efforts to evaluate the trace metals concentrations in PM 10 in urban areas of the city of Campeche, Campeche and can be used to develop programs focused on improving air quality.

Suggested Citation

  • Julia Griselda Cerón Bretón & Rosa María Cerón Bretón & Alberto Antonio Espinosa Guzmán & Marcela Rangel Marrón & Claudio Guarnaccia & Domenico Rossi & María de Guadalupe Vargas Canto & Claudia Alejan, 2023. "Trace Metals in PM 10 and Associated Health Risk in Two Urban Sites Located in Campeche," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-22, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:20:p:14941-:d:1261070
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Anna Mainka & Elwira Zajusz-Zubek & Konrad Kaczmarek, 2015. "PM 2.5 in Urban and Rural Nursery Schools in Upper Silesia, Poland: Trace Elements Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-19, July.
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