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Sun-Shading Sails in Courtyards: An Italian Case Study with RayMan

Author

Listed:
  • Kristian Fabbri

    (Department of Architecture, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy)

  • Ernesto Antonini

    (Department of Architecture, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy)

  • Lia Marchi

    (Department of Architecture, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy)

Abstract

Forecasts of a drastic increase in temperatures in the coming decades are driving the adoption of design strategies and solutions to improve the livability of urban environments. Increasing attention is being paid to the thermal comfort of open spaces by both designers and researchers. Nature-based solutions and man-made devices to improve the comfort of outdoor spaces during summer are spreading, but effective, easy simulation and design support tools for this purpose are still lacking, as most of the available software such as ENVI-met or RayMan cannot model such devices. As Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) is one of the most relevant and comprehensive indicators of Outdoor Thermal Comfort (OTC), this study aims to investigate PET variations of different artificial shading systems and propose a simplified methodology for assessing them through analytical simulations with RayMan software. When modeling the shading elements, the trick adopted for this purpose is to associate different cloud densities with the shading provided by the screens, thus overcoming a gap that affects the software. The procedure is digitally tested in a covered courtyard case study in Bologna (Italy). Diverse options proposed by the designers for textile screening materials have been compared, showing that these reduce by at least 1 °C the PET-gauged thermal stress. Beyond specific results, the main outcome of this study is the procedure developed to simulate sun-shading sail effects on OTC by means of RayMan, which can support designers in planning effective solutions for open space livability in summertime.

Suggested Citation

  • Kristian Fabbri & Ernesto Antonini & Lia Marchi, 2023. "Sun-Shading Sails in Courtyards: An Italian Case Study with RayMan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-15, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:17:p:13033-:d:1228312
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Maurizio Detommaso & Antonio Gagliano & Luigi Marletta & Francesco Nocera, 2021. "Sustainable Urban Greening and Cooling Strategies for Thermal Comfort at Pedestrian Level," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-23, March.
    2. Karol Bandurski & Hanna Bandurska & Ewa Kazimierczak-Grygiel & Halina Koczyk, 2020. "The Green Structure for Outdoor Places in Dry, Hot Regions and Seasons—Providing Human Thermal Comfort in Sustainable Cities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-24, June.
    3. Daniel Castro Medina & MCarmen Guerrero Delgado & Teresa Rocío Palomo Amores & Aurore Toulou & Jose Sánchez Ramos & Servando Álvarez Domínguez, 2022. "Climatic Control of Urban Spaces Using Natural Cooling Techniques to Achieve Outdoor Thermal Comfort," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-33, October.
    4. Stella Tsoka & Katerina Tsikaloudaki & Theodoros Theodosiou & Dimitrios Bikas, 2020. "Urban Warming and Cities’ Microclimates: Investigation Methods and Mitigation Strategies—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-25, March.
    5. Nasim Eslamirad & Abel Sepúlveda & Francesco De Luca & Kimmo Sakari Lylykangas, 2022. "Evaluating Outdoor Thermal Comfort Using a Mixed-Method to Improve the Environmental Quality of a University Campus," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-26, February.
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    1. Lennart Scharfstädt & Peer Schöneberger & Helge Simon & Tim Sinsel & Tim Nahtz & Michael Bruse, 2024. "From Oasis to Desert: The Struggle of Urban Green Spaces Amid Heatwaves and Water Scarcity," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-17, April.

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