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Screening of Commonly Used Antibiotics in Fresh and Saltwater Samples Impacted by Aquacultures: Analytical Methodology, Occurrence and Environmental Risk Assessment

Author

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  • Vasiliki Boti

    (Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
    Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), 45110 Ioannina, Greece
    Unit of Environmental, Organic and Biochemical High-Resolution Analysis–Orbitrap-LC–MS, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece)

  • Vasiliki Toli

    (Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece)

  • Christina Efthymiou

    (Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece)

  • Triantafyllos Albanis

    (Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
    Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), 45110 Ioannina, Greece
    Unit of Environmental, Organic and Biochemical High-Resolution Analysis–Orbitrap-LC–MS, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece)

Abstract

Traditionally, antibiotics have been used to treat human and animal diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria. The aquaculture industry, which is massively expanding currently, also makes use of several antibiotic classes, resulting in potential antibiotic residues in the surrounding aquatic environment, as well as the cultured products raising bacterial resistance. The aim of this study was the optimization, validation, and application of a solid-phase extraction (SPE) method in combination with liquid chromatography (LC)-LTQ/Orbitrap mass spectrometry in order to determine the most commonly used antibiotics in waters sampled from fish farms, both saltwater and freshwater, located in Greece. Under optimum conditions, the method was validated, achieving recoveries in the range of 57.7% (for sulfamethoxazole in river water) to 95.8% (for florfenicol in river water). The method quantification limits were within the range of 0.25 and 10 ng·L −1 in all cases, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) < 15.9%. The application of the proposed methodology revealed the presence of oxytetracycline and trimethoprim traces. Finally, an assessment of the environmental risk posed by the detected antibiotics was performed, calculating either the risk quotient (RQ) for three trophic levels (8.013 × 10 −6 < RQ < 0.496) or the mixture RQ (0.005 < RQ < 0.682), proving that in all cases, the risk was medium to low.

Suggested Citation

  • Vasiliki Boti & Vasiliki Toli & Christina Efthymiou & Triantafyllos Albanis, 2023. "Screening of Commonly Used Antibiotics in Fresh and Saltwater Samples Impacted by Aquacultures: Analytical Methodology, Occurrence and Environmental Risk Assessment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-19, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:12:p:9199-:d:1165448
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Marta Sargenti & Silvia Bartolacci & Aurora Luciani & Katiuscia Di Biagio & Marco Baldini & Roberta Galarini & Danilo Giusepponi & Marinella Capuccella, 2020. "Investigation of the Correlation between the Use of Antibiotics in Aquaculture Systems and Their Detection in Aquatic Environments: A Case Study of the Nera River Aquafarms in Italy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-16, June.
    2. Panagiota Martinaiou & Panagiota Manoli & Vasiliki Boti & Dimitra Hela & Elissavet Makou & Triantafyllos Albanis & Ioannis Konstantinou, 2022. "Quality Control of Emerging Contaminants in Marine Aquaculture Systems by Spot Sampling-Optimized Solid Phase Extraction and Passive Sampling," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-15, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. Jiali Yi & Junjun Xu & Jiatong Liu & Yue Zheng & Qiong Wang, 2023. "High-Efficient Elimination of Spiramycin by Fe 3 O 4 /ZSM-5/Sch via Heterogeneous Photo-Fenton Oxidation at Neutral pH," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-16, August.

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