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Application of Smart Agricultural Practices in Wheat Crop to Increase Yield and Mitigate Emission of Greenhouse Gases for Sustainable Ecofriendly Environment

Author

Listed:
  • Muhammad Ishtiaq

    (Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Mirpur-10250 (AJK), Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Waqas Mazhar

    (Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Mirpur-10250 (AJK), Pakistan)

  • Mehwish Maqbool

    (Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Mirpur-10250 (AJK), Pakistan)

  • Abed Alataway

    (Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water Chair, Prince Sultan Institute for Environmental, Water and Desert Research, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Ahmed Z. Dewidar

    (Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water Chair, Prince Sultan Institute for Environmental, Water and Desert Research, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
    Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Hosam O. Elansary

    (Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water Chair, Prince Sultan Institute for Environmental, Water and Desert Research, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
    Plant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
    Department of Geography, Environmental Management, and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, APK Campus, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa)

  • Kowiyou Yessoufou

    (Department of Geography, Environmental Management, and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, APK Campus, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa)

Abstract

The present study was based on the hypothesis that “the use of classical farming techniques is the cause of emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the study area, which can be mitigated by employing smart agricultural practices (SAPs)”. The study comprises experimental trials, which were carried out over two consecutive years (2020–2021) on two experimental areas (site 1: Koel, site 2: Moel) in District Bhimber of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Wheat cv. Punjab-2018 was used in the experiment. The experiment was performed in a split-plot factorial arrangement with the main experimental plot bisected into two subplots. Within the two halves of the experimental plot, one side experienced the original tillage practice (PT––by ploughing at a depth of 4–6 cm; HT––by harrowing at 12–15 cm; NT––no tillage, of subsoil or soil ploughing). The subsoiling technique applied included subsoiling ploughing tillage (SPT), subsoiling harrow tillage (SHT), and subsoiling of no-tillage (SNT). Subsoiling was performed by means of ploughing land utilizing a vibrating subsoil trowel to a depth of 14 to 14.5 inches. As a result, each subplot was divided into three replicates. So, a total of six replicates, each 35 m in length and 4 m in width were chosen for the experiment. The results depicted that the influx of CO x uptake increased in all subsoiling treatments: that is, SPT, SHT, and SNT. The uptake of CO x was comparatively lower in HT, RT, and NT. In the same manner, GWP for NO x was recorded to increase when the soil was subjected to subsoiling, that is, HTS, RTS, and NTS. Along with this, the trend of soil temperature and soil content also fluctuated with R 2 = 0.78 at p < 0.01 from February to April and R 2 = 0.66 from December to January, which shows that SAP causes higher emission of NO x and more uptake of CO x . Subsoiling maintains soil moisture content (SMC) and soil organic carbon (SOC), which allows limited release of NO x from soil, maintaining the soil nitrogen content. In the case of SOC and pH, it was found that higher pH causes reduced absorption of CO x into soil and NO x emission from soil while higher SOC causes more absorption of CO x into soil and more emission of NO x . The application of smart agriculture in the form of subsoiling leads to an increase in the yield of wheat crops and is recommended in agriculture in the context of climate change.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Ishtiaq & Muhammad Waqas Mazhar & Mehwish Maqbool & Abed Alataway & Ahmed Z. Dewidar & Hosam O. Elansary & Kowiyou Yessoufou, 2022. "Application of Smart Agricultural Practices in Wheat Crop to Increase Yield and Mitigate Emission of Greenhouse Gases for Sustainable Ecofriendly Environment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-13, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:16:p:10453-:d:894804
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Arshi Iram & TI Khan, 2018. "Analysis of Soil Quality Using Physico-Chemical Parameters with Special Emphasis on Fluoride from Selected Sites of Sawai Madhopur Tehsil, ajasthan," International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources, Juniper Publishers Inc., vol. 12(5), pages 125-132, - June.
    2. Michler, Jeffrey D. & Baylis, Kathy & Arends-Kuenning, Mary & Mazvimavi, Kizito, 2019. "Conservation agriculture and climate resilience," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 148-169.
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