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Occurrence and Contamination of Rare Earth Elements in Urban Mangroves of Shenzhen, South China

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  • Xiaoxue Shen

    (School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China)

  • Minwei Chai

    (School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China)

  • Fang Yang

    (School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China)

  • Ye Cao

    (School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China)

  • Ruilli Li

    (School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China)

Abstract

Mangroves acted as sinks of terrestrial pollutants, but the occurrence and contamination of rare earth elements (REEs) in urban mangroves lacked systematic evaluation. In rapidly developing Shenzhen, China, four typical urban mangroves were selected to determine the REEs in urban mangroves, including Baguang mangrove (BGM) and Futian mangrove (FTM) featured with ecological preserve and central business district, respectively; Xixiang mangrove (XXM) and Shajing mangrove (SJM) both featured with industry district. The mean concentrations of total REEs (TREEs) in sediment (0–25 cm depth, μg g −1 ) were SJM (465.28) > FTM (411.25) > XXM (342.76) > BGM (118.63), with Ce to be the dominant REEs element. The depositions of REEs in urban mangroves were significantly affected by sediment sulfur accumulation and fine sediment, including silt and clay fractions. The main fractionation pattern of REEs in urban mangroves was the enrichment of light REEs (LREEs) and loss of heavy REEs (HREEs). Geo−accumulation index, modified degree of contamination, pollution load index, and potential ecological risk index showed the moderately contaminated level of REEs in FTM, followed by SJM, and XXM, with uncontaminated level in BGM. This study provided important information on REEs in urban mangroves for pollution prevention and remediation in the future.

Suggested Citation

  • Xiaoxue Shen & Minwei Chai & Fang Yang & Ye Cao & Ruilli Li, 2021. "Occurrence and Contamination of Rare Earth Elements in Urban Mangroves of Shenzhen, South China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-12, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:5:p:2503-:d:506001
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Cheng Xu & Jindřich Kynický & Martin P. Smith & Antonin Kopriva & Martin Brtnický & Tomas Urubek & Yueheng Yang & Zheng Zhao & Chen He & Wenlei Song, 2017. "Origin of heavy rare earth mineralization in South China," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 8(1), pages 1-7, April.
    2. Xiping Yang & Zhixiang Fang & Ling Yin & Junyi Li & Yang Zhou & Shiwei Lu, 2018. "Understanding the Spatial Structure of Urban Commuting Using Mobile Phone Location Data: A Case Study of Shenzhen, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-14, May.
    3. Wenxiang Zhou & Guilin Han & Man Liu & Chao Song & Xiaoqiang Li, 2020. "Geochemical Distribution Characteristics of Rare Earth Elements in Different Soil Profiles in Mun River Basin, Northeast Thailand," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-11, January.
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