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Use of Sewage Sludge Ash in the Production of Innovative Bricks—An Example of a Circular Economy

Author

Listed:
  • Andelina Bubalo

    (Water Research Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Drazen Vouk

    (Water Research Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Nina Stirmer

    (Department of Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Karlo Nad

    (Division of Experimental Physics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

Abstract

In this paper the properties of clay bricks with 5 wt%, 10 wt%, and 20 wt% sewage sludge ash (SSA) were studied and compared with the properties of control bricks made of 100% clay. Sewage sludge (SS) was collected at two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Croatia—WWTP Zagreb and WWTP Karlovac—and incinerated at a temperature of 900 °C The bricks were produced on a laboratory scale. A total of seven types of bricks were produced—control bricks and six types of bricks as combinations of different wt% of SSA generated from SS that was collected at two different WWTPs. The physical and mechanical properties of produced bricks were tested. Compressive strengths of bricks with 5 wt% SSA (54.0–54.5 N/mm 2 ) and 10 wt% SSA (50.2–51.0 N/mm 2 ) were higher compared to the control bricks (50.4 N/mm 2 ), while bricks with 20 wt% SSA (37.0–43.9) N/mm 2 ) had noticeably lower compressive strenght. The coefficient of saturation was lower for bricks with SSA compared to control bricks. The initial absorption values were more pronounced for SSA fractions of 20 wt%.

Suggested Citation

  • Andelina Bubalo & Drazen Vouk & Nina Stirmer & Karlo Nad, 2021. "Use of Sewage Sludge Ash in the Production of Innovative Bricks—An Example of a Circular Economy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-18, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:16:p:9330-:d:617730
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Katarzyna Zabielska-Adamska, 2019. "Sewage Sludge Bottom Ash Characteristics and Potential Application in Road Embankment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-14, December.
    2. Rafiu O. Yusuf & Zainura Zainon Noor & Moh'd Fadhil Moh'd Din & Ahmad H. Abba, 2012. "Use of sewage sludge ash (SSA) in the production of cement and concrete - a review," International Journal of Global Environmental Issues, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 12(2/3/4), pages 214-228.
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    Cited by:

    1. Faisal Amin & Safeer Abbas & Wasim Abbass & Abdelatif Salmi & Ali Ahmed & Danish Saeed & Muhammad Sufian & Mohamed Mahmoud Sayed, 2022. "Potential Use of Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludge in Fabrication of Burnt Clay Bricks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-16, May.
    2. Mohammad Ghorbani & Petr Konvalina & Anna Walkiewicz & Reinhard W. Neugschwandtner & Marek Kopecký & Kazem Zamanian & Wei-Hsin Chen & Daniel Bucur, 2022. "Feasibility of Biochar Derived from Sewage Sludge to Promote Sustainable Agriculture and Mitigate GHG Emissions—A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-23, October.
    3. Dinko Đurđević & Saša Žiković & Paolo Blecich, 2022. "Sustainable Sewage Sludge Management Technologies Selection Based on Techno-Economic-Environmental Criteria: Case Study of Croatia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-23, May.
    4. Yuhang Shi & Qinyong Ma & Dongdong Ma & Kun Huang & Yuqi Gu, 2023. "Effect of Aggregate Mix Proportion on Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Pore Structure of Alkali-Activated Slag Mortar with Sludge Pottery Sand," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-16, February.

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