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Estimation of Direct and Indirect Household CO 2 Emissions in 49 Japanese Cities with Consideration of Regional Conditions

Author

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  • Yujiro Hirano

    (National Institute for Environmental Studies, Fukushima Environmental Creation Centre, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu Town, Tamura District, Fukushima 963-7700, Japan)

  • Tomohiko Ihara

    (The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan)

  • Masayuki Hara

    (Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, 914 Kamitanadare, Kazo, Saitama 347-0115, Japan)

  • Keita Honjo

    (Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, 914 Kamitanadare, Kazo, Saitama 347-0115, Japan)

Abstract

We conducted a detailed estimation of direct and indirect CO 2 emissions related to multi-person households in 49 Japanese cities. Direct energy consumption was decomposed into energy use in order to consider the relationship with regional conditions. The results showed that CO 2 emissions from direct energy consumption were almost as large as indirect CO 2 emissions induced by consuming products and services, suggesting that lifestyle improvements are important for both energy savings and reducing CO 2 emissions relating to product and service consumption. In addition, CO 2 emissions from direct energy consumption varied widely between cities, making them susceptible to regional conditions. We also calculated CO 2 emissions from direct energy consumption and examined the regional conditions for individual forms of energy use. CO 2 emissions were higher in cold regions and lower in larger cities. In Japan, large cities are often located in relatively warm areas, so we conducted an analysis to distinguish the effects of climatic conditions from those of urbanization. This analysis allowed us to clarify the effects of regional conditions on factors such as heating/cooling and the ratio of detached houses to apartments.

Suggested Citation

  • Yujiro Hirano & Tomohiko Ihara & Masayuki Hara & Keita Honjo, 2020. "Estimation of Direct and Indirect Household CO 2 Emissions in 49 Japanese Cities with Consideration of Regional Conditions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-17, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:11:p:4678-:d:368866
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    Cited by:

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    2. Pedro J. Zarco-Periñán & Fco Javier Zarco-Soto & Irene M. Zarco-Soto & José L. Martínez-Ramos & Rafael Sánchez-Durán, 2022. "CO 2 Emissions in Buildings: A Synopsis of Current Studies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-10, September.
    3. Irene M. Zarco-Soto & Fco. Javier Zarco-Soto & Pedro J. Zarco-Periñán, 2021. "Influence of Population Income on Energy Consumption and CO 2 Emissions in Buildings of Cities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-18, September.
    4. Charifa Haouraji & Badia Mounir & Ilham Mounir & Abdelmajid Farchi, 2021. "Exploring the Relationship between Residential CO 2 Emissions, Urbanization, Economic Growth, and Residential Energy Consumption: Evidence from the North Africa Region," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-19, September.

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