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The Sustainability Conundrum of Fishmeal Substitution by Plant Ingredients in Shrimp Feeds

Author

Listed:
  • Wesley Malcorps

    (MatureDevelopment B.V., World Trade Center, 2595 AM The Hague, The Netherlands
    Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK)

  • Björn Kok

    (MatureDevelopment B.V., World Trade Center, 2595 AM The Hague, The Netherlands)

  • Mike van‘t Land

    (MatureDevelopment B.V., World Trade Center, 2595 AM The Hague, The Netherlands
    Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Fisheries and Aquatic Production, 8400 Ostend, Belgium)

  • Maarten Fritz

    (MatureDevelopment B.V., World Trade Center, 2595 AM The Hague, The Netherlands)

  • Davy van Doren

    (MatureDevelopment B.V., World Trade Center, 2595 AM The Hague, The Netherlands)

  • Kurt Servin

    (Mexico Aquaculture Research Inc., Guadalajara 45110, Mexico)

  • Paul van der Heijden

    (MatureDevelopment B.V., World Trade Center, 2595 AM The Hague, The Netherlands
    Association of International Seafood Professionals, Southbank, VIC 3006, Australia
    Aquaculture without Frontiers, Oakland, CA 94610, USA)

  • Roy Palmer

    (Association of International Seafood Professionals, Southbank, VIC 3006, Australia
    Aquaculture without Frontiers, Oakland, CA 94610, USA
    Universidad Tecnológica del Mar de Tamaulipas, Soto La Marina - La Pesca, Km. 46+400, S/N, La Pesca 87678, Municipio de Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas, México)

  • Neil A. Auchterlonie

    (IFFO, The Marine Ingredients Organisation, London SE17 3BZ, UK)

  • Max Rietkerk

    (Department of Innovation, Environmental and Energy Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands)

  • Maria J. Santos

    (Department of Innovation, Environmental and Energy Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands
    University Research Priority Program in Global Change and Biodiversity and Department of Geography, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland)

  • Simon J. Davies

    (Fish Nutrition and Aquaculture Group, Department of Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences, Harper Adams University, Newport TF10 8NB, UK)

Abstract

Aquaculture is central in meeting expanding global demands for shrimp consumption. Consequently, increasing feed use is mainly responsible for the overall environmental impact of aquaculture production. Significant amounts of fishmeal are included in shrimp diets, causing dependency on finite marine resources. Driven by economic incentives, terrestrial plant ingredients are widely viewed as sustainable alternatives. Incremental fishmeal substitution by plant ingredients in shrimp feed was modeled and effects on marine and terrestrial resources such as fish, land, freshwater, nitrogen, and phosphorus were assessed. We find that complete substitution of 20–30% fishmeal totals could lead to increasing demand for freshwater (up to 63%), land (up to 81%), and phosphorus (up to 83%), while other substitution rates lead to proportionally lower impacts. These findings suggest additional pressures on essential agricultural resources with associated socio-economic and environmental effects as a trade-off to pressures on finite marine resources. Even though the production of shrimp feed (or aquafeed in general) utilizes only a small percentage of the global crop production, the findings indicate that the sustainability of substituting fishmeal by plant ingredients should not be taken for granted, especially since aquaculture has been one of the fastest growing food sectors. Therefore, the importance of utilizing by-products and novel ingredients such as microbial biomass, algae, and insect meals in mitigating the use of marine and terrestrial resources is discussed.

Suggested Citation

  • Wesley Malcorps & Björn Kok & Mike van‘t Land & Maarten Fritz & Davy van Doren & Kurt Servin & Paul van der Heijden & Roy Palmer & Neil A. Auchterlonie & Max Rietkerk & Maria J. Santos & Simon J. Davi, 2019. "The Sustainability Conundrum of Fishmeal Substitution by Plant Ingredients in Shrimp Feeds," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-19, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:4:p:1212-:d:208883
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Halley E. Froehlich & Nis Sand Jacobsen & Timothy E. Essington & Tyler Clavelle & Benjamin S. Halpern, 2018. "Avoiding the ecological limits of forage fish for fed aquaculture," Nature Sustainability, Nature, vol. 1(6), pages 298-303, June.
    2. Moretti, Christian & Moro, Alberto & Edwards, Robert & Rocco, Matteo Vincenzo & Colombo, Emanuela, 2017. "Analysis of standard and innovative methods for allocating upstream and refinery GHG emissions to oil products," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 372-381.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Wesley Malcorps & Richard W. Newton & Silvia Maiolo & Mahmoud Eltholth & Changbo Zhu & Wenbo Zhang & Saihong Li & Michael Tlusty & David C. Little, 2021. "Global Seafood Trade: Insights in Sustainability Messaging and Claims of the Major Producing and Consuming Regions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-17, October.
    3. Jessica Petereit & Christina Hoerterer & Adrian A. Bischoff-Lang & Luís E. C. Conceição & Gabriella Pereira & Johan Johansen & Roberto Pastres & Bela H. Buck, 2022. "Adult European Seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) Perform Well on Alternative Circular-Economy-Driven Feed Formulations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-18, June.
    4. Molatelo Junior Madibana & Mulunda Mwanza & Brett Roderick Lewis & Chris Henri Fouché & Rashieda Toefy & Victor Mlambo, 2020. "Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal as a Fishmeal Substitute in Juvenile Dusky Kob Diets: Effect on Feed Utilization, Growth Performance, and Blood Parameters," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-11, November.
    5. Bingbing Zhao & Yan Fang & Kang Wu & Fayu Zhang & Jiaquan Wang, 2019. "A Method of Large-Scale Resource Utilization of Algae—Eutrophic Waste from Lake Chao, China: Preparation and Performance Optimization of Composite Packaging Materials," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(22), pages 1-15, November.
    6. Samuel Le Féon & Théo Dubois & Christophe Jaeger & Aurélie Wilfart & Nouraya Akkal-Corfini & Jacopo Bacenetti & Michele Costantini & Joël Aubin, 2021. "DEXiAqua, a Model to Assess the Sustainability of Aquaculture Systems: Methodological Development and Application to a French Salmon Farm," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-28, July.

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