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Pollution and Health Risk Assessment of Carcinogenic Elements As, Cd, and Cr in Multiple Media—A Case of a Sustainable Farming Area in China

Author

Listed:
  • Kui Cai

    (Institute of Geological Survey, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
    Department of Geological Science & Engineering, Kunsan National University, Jeonbuk 573-701, Korea)

  • Chang Li

    (School of Business Administration, Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea)

  • Zefeng Song

    (Institute of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China)

  • Xin Gao

    (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

  • Moxin Wu

    (Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea)

Abstract

The high concentrations of trace elements in the environment, especially the carcinogenic elements Cr, Cd, and As, in populated areas can lead to an increased non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk in humans via the effective exposure pathways (inhalation and dermal contact). In this study, the concentrations of the trace elements Cd, Cr, and As in four media were comprehensively evaluated by collecting samples from atmospheric precipitates (A), wheat (W), soil (S), and groundwater (G) in the agricultural plain. This study not only considers the health risk level, but also focuses on the relationship between soil properties and the soil–wheat system. First, according to the results of the analysis, the concentration of carcinogenic elements in atmospheric precipitates was higher than that in other media. The sequence follows the order A > S > W > G. Moreover, the input flux of A was at a relatively higher level (determined via an input flux calculation) than other farming areas. Second, the pollution of Cr, Cd, and As in A and S were analyzed using the geoaccumulation method, and the level of Cd reached mild to moderate pollution. In addition, it was found that the bioaccumulation factors ( BAF s) of Cd were much higher than those of As and Cr in the soil–wheat system. Furthermore, it was found that the negative relationship between BAF s and pH, CEC (cation exchange capacity), Corg (soil organic carbon), and clay was significant. Lastly, the hazard quotient (HQ) of the non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk (CR) of the three elements in multiple media were calculated using the health risk model. The HQ results showed that the total non-carcinogenic risk index (HI) of Cd, As, and Cr in the multiple-media did not exceed the risk limit (1.00), and there was no significant risk to the locally exposed population. However, the total carcinogenic risk index (TCR) indicated that the risk index of Cr, As and Cd in multiple media exceeded the safety index range (≈10 −6 –10 −4 ), and the three elements posed a significant carcinogenic risk to local residents via the main pathways. In terms of individual elements, the risk of cancer was highest via the ingestion of the carcinogenic element Cd in G and W.

Suggested Citation

  • Kui Cai & Chang Li & Zefeng Song & Xin Gao & Moxin Wu, 2019. "Pollution and Health Risk Assessment of Carcinogenic Elements As, Cd, and Cr in Multiple Media—A Case of a Sustainable Farming Area in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(19), pages 1-22, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:19:p:5208-:d:269870
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Vesna Radovanovic & Ilija Djekic & Branka Zarkovic, 2020. "Characteristics of Cadmium and Lead Accumulation and Transfer by Chenopodium Quinoa Will," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-11, May.
    2. Changsong Zhang & Xueke Zang & Zhenxue Dai & Xiaoying Zhang & Ziqi Ma, 2021. "Remediation Techniques for Cadmium-Contaminated Dredged River Sediments after Land Disposal," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-13, May.
    3. Qing Xia & Jiquan Zhang & Yanan Chen & Qing Ma & Jingyao Peng & Guangzhi Rong & Zhijun Tong & Xingpeng Liu, 2020. "Pollution, Sources and Human Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Different Land Use Types under the Background of Industrial Cities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-19, March.

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