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An Economical, Sustainable Pathway to Indole-Containing Oxindoles: Iron-Catalyzed 1,6-Conjugate Addition in Glycerol

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  • Lan Tan

    (Business School, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China
    Research Base of Philosophy and Social Science in Hangzhou, Center for Research of CSR and Sustainable Development, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China)

  • Abdul Rahman

    (Faculty of Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China)

Abstract

The search for economical, sustainable and practical pathways in synthetic science would contribute to improving resource efficiency, developing a recycling economy and driving new-type urbanization. Green synthesis has established firm ground providing the right green yardstick for development of a sustainable approach to bioactive high-added value molecules and drug discovery, and further development of sustainable manufacturing processes in the pharmaceutical industry toward a green resource efficient economy. In this study, the combination of FeCl 3 and glycerol exhibits a versatile and high catalytic activity in the atom economical 1,6-conjugated addition of para -quinone methides derived from isatins with indoles using the right green yardstick. The sustainable pathway provides the preparation of bioactive indole-containing oxindoles in excellent yields with superior advantages, such as the ready availability, low price and environmentally benign character of iron catalysis, easy product separation, cheap and safe bio-renewable glycerol as a green solvent, and catalytic system recycling under mild conditions.

Suggested Citation

  • Lan Tan & Abdul Rahman, 2018. "An Economical, Sustainable Pathway to Indole-Containing Oxindoles: Iron-Catalyzed 1,6-Conjugate Addition in Glycerol," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-11, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:10:y:2018:i:8:p:2922-:d:164219
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Fanke Meng & Xiben Li & Sebastian Torker & Ying Shi & Xiao Shen & Amir H. Hoveyda, 2016. "Catalytic enantioselective 1,6-conjugate additions of propargyl and allyl groups," Nature, Nature, vol. 537(7620), pages 387-393, September.
    2. Arnold Tukker & Stefan Giljum & Richard Wood, 2018. "Recent Progress in Assessment of Resource Efficiency and Environmental Impacts Embodied in Trade: An Introduction to this Special Issue," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 22(3), pages 489-501, June.
    3. Lan Tan & Abdul Rahman, 2017. "From Technical Efficiency to Economic Efficiency: Development of Aza-Friedel–Crafts Reaction Using Phosphoric Acid Immobilized in Glycerol as a Sustainable Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(7), pages 1-10, July.
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