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Assessment of the Sustainability of the Territories Affected by Gully Head Advancements through Aerial Photography and Modeling Estimations: A Case Study on Samal Watershed, Iran

Author

Listed:
  • Aliakbar Nazari Samani

    (Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, P.O. Box: 31585-4314, Iran)

  • Fatemeh Tavakoli Rad

    (Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, P.O. Box: 31585-4314, Iran)

  • Maryam Azarakhshi

    (Faulty of Agriculture & Natural Resource, University of Torbat Heydarieh, Torbat Heydarieh, P.O. Box: 9516168595, Iran)

  • Mohammad Reza Rahdari

    (Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, P.O. Box: 31585-4314, Iran)

  • Jesús Rodrigo-Comino

    (Instituto de Geomorfología y Suelos, Department of Geography, University of, Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
    Department of Physical Geography, University of Trier, 54296 Trier, Germany)

Abstract

Gully erosion is considered one of the major issues of land sustainability because it can remove considerable volumes of sediment and productive soils. Once started, gullies can continue to move by headcut retreat, or slumping of the side walls. Studies of gully development require constant monitoring activities which are not possible in not-well-explored areas, such as the arduous region of Iran, due to costs and a lack of geoinformation. Thus, the present research attempts to assess gully evolution using only two digital aerial photographs of different periods (1968 and 1994) and field assessment (2009) to estimate the gully head advancement based on frames geometry and rigorous procedure in southwestern Iran. Also, the gully head advancement was estimated and compared among them by different empirical equations. The results indicated that the mean of gully head advancement was 1.4 m year −1 and 1.2 m year −1 during 1968–1994 and 1994–2009, respectively, and the annual average of sediment mobilization was 26.8 m 3 ha −1 in 2009. The model assessment indexes indicated that SCS (Soil Conservation Service) II was the best model for gully head advancement estimations in this study area. The main reasons for this can be associated with the R p factor (previous gully head advancement) and the local environmental conditions. We conclude that the sustainability of the territory has been greatly affected due to this advancement. We also hypothesize that gully head changes could be related to the susceptibility of geological formations, climate, soil properties, and the coincidence of other gullies’ formation with common drainage networks in the study area. Based on the obtained results, land managers can use the results to distinguish the gullies in this region with a higher environmental risk, and to decide an effective implementation of soil conservation measures in order to include them in the land management plans.

Suggested Citation

  • Aliakbar Nazari Samani & Fatemeh Tavakoli Rad & Maryam Azarakhshi & Mohammad Reza Rahdari & Jesús Rodrigo-Comino, 2018. "Assessment of the Sustainability of the Territories Affected by Gully Head Advancements through Aerial Photography and Modeling Estimations: A Case Study on Samal Watershed, Iran," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-17, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:10:y:2018:i:8:p:2909-:d:164091
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ramita Manandhar & Inakwu O. A. Odeh, 2014. "Interrelationships of Land Use/Cover Change and Topography with Soil Acidity and Salinity as Indicators of Land Degradation," Land, MDPI, vol. 3(1), pages 1-18, March.
    2. Reza Zakerinejad & Michael Maerker, 2015. "An integrated assessment of soil erosion dynamics with special emphasis on gully erosion in the Mazayjan basin, southwestern Iran," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 79(1), pages 25-50, November.
    3. Aliakbar Nazari Samani & Hassan Ahmadi & Aliasghar Mohammadi & Jamal Ghoddousi & Ali Salajegheh & Guy Boggs & Razieh Pishyar, 2010. "Factors Controlling Gully Advancement and Models Evaluation (Hableh Rood Basin, Iran)," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 24(8), pages 1531-1549, June.
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