IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jrisks/v10y2022i5p104-d817386.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Financial Planning for Retirement: The Mediating Role of Culture

Author

Listed:
  • Ahmad Ghadwan

    (Department of Finance, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia)

  • Wan Marhaini Wan Ahmad

    (Department of Finance, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia)

  • Mohamed Hisham Hanifa

    (Department of Finance, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia)

Abstract

The life expectancy rate of individuals worldwide has risen, and Saudi Arabia is not excluded. Rising long-life expectancy may jeopardize employees’ pensions and reduce the chances of adequate earnings and a decent life after retirement. Moreover, the number of employees, who have paid into pension funds and are now retired, has increased, indicating that pension funds are expected to decrease. Apart from the above, the level of financial literacy in Saudi Arabia was substandard. Therefore, the ultimate objective of this research is to examine the measurable factors that could impact employees in their financial planning for retirement (FPR). These factors comprise the employee’s financial literacy (FL), financial risk tolerance (FRT), and cultural factors based on the CWO model. Moreover, this study aims to investigate the mediating roles of culture in their relationship with financial planning for retirement. Primary data was collected during the COVID-19 pandemic from mid-July 2020 until the end of January 2021 using a non-probability convenience sampling approach involving 525 participants. The Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) technique was used to analyze the data. To determine the type of study variables, either a formative or reflective model of Confirmatory Tetrad Analysis (CTA-PLS) was used. The results show the significant influence of basic FL, FRT, and culture on FPR. Moreover, it shows the critical role of culture among those with advanced FL and FRT. Previous studies have examined FL and FRT in FPR without considering the effect of culture as a mediator.

Suggested Citation

  • Ahmad Ghadwan & Wan Marhaini Wan Ahmad & Mohamed Hisham Hanifa, 2022. "Financial Planning for Retirement: The Mediating Role of Culture," Risks, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-20, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jrisks:v:10:y:2022:i:5:p:104-:d:817386
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9091/10/5/104/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9091/10/5/104/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Tomar, Sweta & Kent Baker, H. & Kumar, Satish & Hoffmann, Arvid O.I., 2021. "Psychological determinants of retirement financial planning behavior," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 432-449.
    2. van Rooij, Maarten & Lusardi, Annamaria & Alessie, Rob, 2011. "Financial literacy and stock market participation," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 101(2), pages 449-472, August.
    3. Annamaria Lusardi & Olivia S. Mitchell, 2008. "Planning and Financial Literacy: How Do Women Fare?," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 98(2), pages 413-417, May.
    4. Annamaria Lusardi, 2008. "Financial Literacy: An Essential Tool for Informed Consumer Choice?," NFI Working Papers 2008-WP-13, Indiana State University, Scott College of Business, Networks Financial Institute.
    5. Cooper, W.W. & Kingyens, Angela T. & Paradi, Joseph C., 2014. "Two-stage financial risk tolerance assessment using data envelopment analysis," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 233(1), pages 273-280.
    6. Maarten C.J. van Rooij & Annamaria Lusardi & Rob J.M. Alessie, 2012. "Financial Literacy, Retirement Planning and Household Wealth," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 122(560), pages 449-478, May.
    7. Jaafar, Roslan & Daly, Kevin James & Mishra, Anil V., 2019. "Challenges facing Malaysia pension scheme in an era of ageing population," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 334-340.
    8. Johan Almenberg & Jenny Säve-Söderbergh, 2011. "Financial Literacy and Retirement Planning in Sweden," CeRP Working Papers 112, Center for Research on Pensions and Welfare Policies, Turin (Italy).
    9. Leora Klapper & Annamaria Lusardi, 2020. "Financial literacy and financial resilience: Evidence from around the world," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 49(3), pages 589-614, September.
    10. Almenberg, Johan & Säve-Söderbergh, Jenny, 2011. "Financial literacy and retirement planning in Sweden," Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, Cambridge University Press, vol. 10(4), pages 585-598, October.
    11. Diana Crossan & David Feslier & Roger Hurnard, 2011. "Financial Literacy and Retirement Planning in New Zealand," CeRP Working Papers 113, Center for Research on Pensions and Welfare Policies, Turin (Italy).
    12. Croy, Gerry & Gerrans, Paul & Speelman, Craig, 2010. "The role and relevance of domain knowledge, perceptions of planning importance, and risk tolerance in predicting savings intentions," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 31(6), pages 860-871, December.
    13. repec:ecj:econjl:v:122:y:2012:i::p:449-478 is not listed on IDEAS
    14. Ricci, Ornella & Caratelli, Massimo, 2017. "Financial literacy, trust and retirement planning," Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, Cambridge University Press, vol. 16(1), pages 43-64, January.
    15. Crossan, Diana & Feslier, David & Hurnard, Roger, 2011. "Financial literacy and retirement planning in New Zealand," Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, Cambridge University Press, vol. 10(4), pages 619-635, October.
    16. Fornero, Elsa & Monticone, Chiara, 2011. "Financial literacy and pension plan participation in Italy," Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, Cambridge University Press, vol. 10(4), pages 547-564, October.
    17. Beata Swiecka & Eser Yeşildağ & Ercan Özen & Simon Grima, 2020. "Financial Literacy: The Case of Poland," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-17, January.
    18. Annamaria Lusardi, 2019. "Financial literacy and the need for financial education: evidence and implications," Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics, Springer;Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics, vol. 155(1), pages 1-8, December.
    19. Dee Warmath & David Zimmerman, 2019. "Financial Literacy as More than Knowledge: The Development of a Formative Scale through the Lens of Bloom's Domains of Knowledge," Journal of Consumer Affairs, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 53(4), pages 1602-1629, December.
    20. Garabato Moure, Natalia, 2016. "Financial literacy and retirement planning in chile," Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, Cambridge University Press, vol. 15(2), pages 203-223, April.
    21. Gallego-Losada, Rocío & Montero-Navarro, Antonio & Rodríguez-Sánchez, José-Luis & González-Torres, Thais, 2022. "Retirement planning and financial literacy, at the crossroads. A bibliometric analysis," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 44(C).
    22. Amani K. Hamdan Alghamdi & Sue L. T. McGregor & Wai Si El-Hassan, 2021. "Financial Literacy, Stability, and Security as Understood by Male Saudi University Students," International Journal of Economics and Finance, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 13(7), pages 1-7, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ahmad Saleh Ghadwan & Wan Marhaini Wan Ahmad & Mohamed Hisham Hanifa, 2023. "Financial Planning for Retirement: The Moderating Role of Government Policy," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(2), pages 21582440231, June.
    2. Elena Moreno-García & Sergio Hernández-Mejía & Héctor Francisco Salazar Núñez, 2024. "Financial Literacy and Financial Fragility in Mexico," Remef - Revista Mexicana de Economía y Finanzas Nueva Época REMEF (The Mexican Journal of Economics and Finance), Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas, IMEF, vol. 19(1), pages 1-21, Enero - M.
    3. Liu Hong Shan & Kenny S. L. Cheah & Serrene Leong, 2023. "Leading Generation Z’s Financial Literacy Through Financial Education: Contemporary Bibliometric and Content Analysis in China," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(3), pages 21582440231, August.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Azra Zaimovic & Anes Torlakovic & Almira Arnaut-Berilo & Tarik Zaimovic & Lejla Dedovic & Minela Nuhic Meskovic, 2023. "Mapping Financial Literacy: A Systematic Literature Review of Determinants and Recent Trends," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-30, June.
    2. Luc Arrondel, 2020. "Financial literacy and French behaviour on the stock market," Working Papers halshs-02505320, HAL.
    3. Oscar A. Stolper & Andreas Walter, 2017. "Financial literacy, financial advice, and financial behavior," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 87(5), pages 581-643, July.
    4. Tabea Bucher-Koenen & Annamaria Lusardi & Rob Alessie & Maarten van Rooij, 2017. "How Financially Literate Are Women? An Overview and New Insights," Journal of Consumer Affairs, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 51(2), pages 255-283, July.
    5. Zuzana Brokesova & Andrej Cupak & Gueorgui Kolev, 2017. "Financial literacy and voluntary savings for retirement in Slovakia," Working and Discussion Papers WP 10/2017, Research Department, National Bank of Slovakia.
    6. Elisabeth Beckmann & Sarah Reiter, 2020. "How financially literate is CESEE? Insights from the OeNB Euro Survey," Focus on European Economic Integration, Oesterreichische Nationalbank (Austrian Central Bank), issue Q3/20, pages 36-59.
    7. Tim Kaiser & Annamaria Lusardi, 2024. "Financial Literacy and Financial Education: An Overview," CESifo Working Paper Series 11070, CESifo.
    8. Qian, Yuting & Tan, Weiqiang & Wu, Jingbo, 2024. "Household financial literacy and retirement planning in rural China," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
    9. Annamaria Lusardi, 2019. "Financial literacy and the need for financial education: evidence and implications," Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics, Springer;Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics, vol. 155(1), pages 1-8, December.
    10. Annamaria Lusardi & Olivia S. Mitchell, 2014. "The Economic Importance of Financial Literacy: Theory and Evidence," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 52(1), pages 5-44, March.
    11. Xu, Lisa & Zia, Bilal, 2012. "Financial literacy around the world : an overview of the evidence with practical suggestions for the way forward," Policy Research Working Paper Series 6107, The World Bank.
    12. Agarwal, Sumit & Amromin, Gene & Ben-David, Itzhak & Chomsisengphet, Souphala & Evanoff, Douglas D., 2015. "Financial literacy and financial planning: Evidence from India," Journal of Housing Economics, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 4-21.
    13. Li, Xiao, 2020. "When financial literacy meets textual analysis: A conceptual review," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 28(C).
    14. Silvia Mariela Méndez-Prado & Vanessa Rodriguez & Kevin Peralta-Rizzo & Patricia Everaert & Martin Valcke, 2023. "An Assessment Tool to Identify the Financial Literacy Level of Financial Education Programs Participants’ Executed by Ecuadorian Financial Institutions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-24, January.
    15. Luc Arrondel, 2018. "Financial Literacy and Asset Behaviour: Poor Education and Zero for Conduct?," Comparative Economic Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Association for Comparative Economic Studies, vol. 60(1), pages 144-160, March.
    16. Luca Spataro & Lorenzo Corsini, 2017. "Endogenous Financial Literacy, Saving, and Stock Market Participation," FinanzArchiv: Public Finance Analysis, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, vol. 73(2), pages 135-162, June.
    17. Hagen, Johannes & Malisa, Amedeus, 2022. "Financial fraud and individual investment behavior," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 593-626.
    18. Thérèse Lind & Ali Ahmed & Kenny Skagerlund & Camilla Strömbäck & Daniel Västfjäll & Gustav Tinghög, 2020. "Competence, Confidence, and Gender: The Role of Objective and Subjective Financial Knowledge in Household Finance," Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Springer, vol. 41(4), pages 626-638, December.
    19. Di Wang & Frank McGroarty, 2022. "Does perfectionism influence individual financial risk tolerance and financial well-being? Evidence from an online survey data from the US," SN Business & Economics, Springer, vol. 2(11), pages 1-32, November.
    20. Shunsuke Ono & Pattaphol Yuktadatta & Takafumi Taniguchi & Tomoe Iitsuka & Masafumi Noguchi & Sawa Tanaka & Haruka Ito & Kousei Nakamura & Nanako Yasuhara & Chihiro Miyawaki & Katsumi Mikura & Mostafa, 2021. "Financial Literacy and Exercise Behavior: Evidence from Japan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-15, April.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jrisks:v:10:y:2022:i:5:p:104-:d:817386. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.