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Financial Literacy as More than Knowledge: The Development of a Formative Scale through the Lens of Bloom's Domains of Knowledge

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  • Dee Warmath
  • David Zimmerman

Abstract

For well over a decade, financial literacy has been a primary lens through which researchers approach financial education. Unfortunately, in most cases, this potentially rich construct is reduced to mere financial knowledge. This myopic conceptualization hampers the development of the concept and programs to build financial literacy. Despite research that reveals these limits, the field has either persisted with this narrow definition of financial literacy or abandoned the model altogether in favor of capability or similar constructs. Using Bloom's domains of knowledge, we redefine financial literacy as the combination of three different indicators reflecting three domains of knowledge: financial skill, self‐efficacy, and explicit knowledge. Using data from a national survey, we apply the methods of formative scale development to construct and validate a more robust conceptualization and measurement of financial literacy. We explore how this financial literacy index might inform development of innovative financial education programs.

Suggested Citation

  • Dee Warmath & David Zimmerman, 2019. "Financial Literacy as More than Knowledge: The Development of a Formative Scale through the Lens of Bloom's Domains of Knowledge," Journal of Consumer Affairs, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 53(4), pages 1602-1629, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:jconsa:v:53:y:2019:i:4:p:1602-1629
    DOI: 10.1111/joca.12286
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    1. Gilles E. Gignac & Elizabeth Ooi, 2022. "Measurement error in research on financial literacy: How much error is there and how does it influence effect size estimates?," Journal of Consumer Affairs, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 56(2), pages 938-956, June.
    2. Nicole Jonker & Anneke Kosse, 2020. "The interplay of financial education, financial literacy, financial inclusion and financial, stability: Any lessons for the current Big Tech era?," Working Papers 692, DNB.
    3. Olivier Mesly & David W. Shanafelt & Nicolas Huck & François‐Éric Racicot, 2020. "From wheel of fortune to wheel of misfortune: Financial crises, cycles, and consumer predation," Journal of Consumer Affairs, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 54(4), pages 1195-1212, December.
    4. Beata Świecka & Paweł Terefenko & Tomasz Wiśniewski & Jingjian Xiao, 2021. "Consumer Financial Knowledge and Cashless Payment Behavior for Sustainable Development in Poland," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-18, June.
    5. Arvid O. I. Hoffmann & Daria Plotkina, 2021. "Let your past define your future? How recalling successful financial experiences can increase beliefs of self‐efficacy in financial planning," Journal of Consumer Affairs, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 55(3), pages 847-871, September.
    6. Thomas A. Hanson, 2022. "Family Communication, Privacy Orientation, & Financial Literacy: A Survey of U.S. College Students," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-13, November.
    7. Ahmad Ghadwan & Wan Marhaini Wan Ahmad & Mohamed Hisham Hanifa, 2022. "Financial Planning for Retirement: The Mediating Role of Culture," Risks, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-20, May.
    8. Nicole Jonker & Anneke Kosse, 2022. "The interplay of financial education, financial inclusion and financial stability and the role of Big Tech," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 40(4), pages 612-635, October.
    9. Panu Kalmi & Gianluca Trotta & Andrius Kažukauskas, 2021. "Energy‐related financial literacy and electricity consumption: Survey‐based evidence from Finland," Journal of Consumer Affairs, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 55(3), pages 1062-1089, September.
    10. Gentjan Çera & Khurram Ajaz Khan & Jaroslav Belas & Humberto Nuno Rito Ribeiro, 2020. "The Role of Financial Capability and Culture in Financial Satisfaction," Economic Papers, The Economic Society of Australia, vol. 39(4), pages 389-406, December.
    11. Elise Frølich Furrebøe & Ellen Katrine Nyhus, 2022. "Financial self‐efficacy, financial literacy, and gender: A review," Journal of Consumer Affairs, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 56(2), pages 743-765, June.
    12. Silvia Mariela Méndez Prado & Marlon José Zambrano Franco & Susana Gabriela Zambrano Zapata & Katherine Malena Chiluiza García & Patricia Everaert & Martin Valcke, 2022. "A Systematic Review of Financial Literacy Research in Latin America and The Caribbean," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-43, March.
    13. Kleimeier, Stefanie & Hoffmann, Arvid O.I. & Broihanne, Marie-Hélène & Plotkina, Daria & Göritz, Anja S., 2023. "Determinants of individuals’ objective and subjective financial fragility during the COVID-19 pandemic," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    14. Jasmina Okicic & Meldina Kokorovic Jukan & Mensur Heric, 2021. "Some Insights Into Financial Literacy Among Undergraduate Students: A Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina," International Journal of Financial Research, International Journal of Financial Research, Sciedu Press, vol. 12(3), pages 103-115, May.
    15. Sam Bufe & Stephen Roll & Olga Kondratjeva & Stephanie Skees & Michal Grinstein-Weiss, 2022. "Financial Shocks and Financial Well-Being: What Builds Resiliency in Lower-Income Households?," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 161(1), pages 379-407, May.
    16. Preston, Alison & Qiu, Lili & Wright, Robert E., 2022. "A Study of the Chinese Gender Gap in Financial Literacy," IZA Discussion Papers 15253, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    17. Tiina Koskelainen & Panu Kalmi & Eusebio Scornavacca & Tero Vartiainen, 2023. "Financial literacy in the digital age—A research agenda," Journal of Consumer Affairs, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 57(1), pages 507-528, January.
    18. Sarah D. Asebedo & Taufiq Hasan Quadria & Blake T. Gray & Yi Liu, 2022. "The Psychology of COVID-19 Economic Impact Payment Use," Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Springer, vol. 43(2), pages 239-260, June.
    19. Madhubalan Viswanathan & Robert Alfonso Arias & Arun Sreekumar, 2021. "Extreme exclusion and relative deprivation in subsistence marketplaces: A study in a refugee settlement in Nakivale, Uganda," Journal of Consumer Affairs, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 55(1), pages 87-117, March.

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