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Agronomic Management, Socioeconomic Factors, and Carbon and Nitrogen Pools in Avocado–Coffee Systems in Huatusco, Veracruz, México

Author

Listed:
  • Diana Ayala-Montejo

    (Ministry of Science, Humanities, Technology and Innovation, Mexico (SECIHTI), Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Alcaldía Benito Juárez, Mexico City 03940, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
    Villahermosa Unit, Department of Agriculture, Society and Environment, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Villahermosa-Reforma km 15.5, Ranchería Guineo II Section, Villahermosa 86280, Tabasco, Mexico)

  • Pablo Martínez-Zurimendi

    (Villahermosa Unit, Department of Agriculture, Society and Environment, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Villahermosa-Reforma km 15.5, Ranchería Guineo II Section, Villahermosa 86280, Tabasco, Mexico
    Institute of Sustainable Forest Management (IUFOR), University of Valladolid-INIA, Av. Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain)

  • Juan Fernando Gallardo-Lancho

    (Higher Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), IRNASa, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
    Retired.)

  • Rufo Sánchez-Hernández

    (Academic Division of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carret era Villahermosa-Teapa km 25.2 Ranchería la Huasteca II Section, Villahermosa 86298, Tabasco, Mexico)

  • Eduardo Valdés-Velarde

    (Department of Phytotecnics, Chapingo Autonomous University, Carretera México-Texcoco km 38.5, Chapingo, Texcoco 56230, State of Mexico, Mexico)

  • Teresita de Jesús Santiago-Vera

    (Ministry of Science, Humanities, Technology and Innovation, Mexico (SECIHTI), Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Alcaldía Benito Juárez, Mexico City 03940, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
    Center of Research and Higher Studies in Social Anthropology, San Cristobal de las Casas 14000, Chiapas, Mexico)

  • Joel Pérez-Nieto

    (Department of Phytotecnics, Chapingo Autonomous University, Carretera México-Texcoco km 38.5, Chapingo, Texcoco 56230, State of Mexico, Mexico)

Abstract

Avocado cultivation is displacing traditional coffee production in Veracruz, Mexico. This change modifies the floristic composition and agronomic management (AM), both of which are affected by socioeconomic factors and generate variation in edaphic conditions. The objective of this research was to identify the socioeconomic variables that modify the characteristics of the AM of avocado and coffee systems and have repercussions on the carbon and nitrogen pools. Four case studies were analyzed: a renovated coffee polyculture (SRC), severely cleaned coffee polyculture (IPC), avocado–coffee system (ACS), and conventional avocado orchard (CAO). A socioeconomic analysis was carried out with a 30-year economic projection and 56 variables. Three plots were installed where vegetal biomass carbon (VBC) was evaluated; soil samples were taken in theses plots at three depths (in triplicate) to determine soil organic carbon (SOC) and total soil nitrogen (TSN) in each case. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. Four economic variables explain 50.9% of the variation in agronomic management and five social variables 50.2%, in both cases where the component is considered. In all systems, the variation in VBC is explained by the agronomic management, while the reported SOC presents an inverse relationship with AM. The ACS presents the higher values in total C in the system, and SOC and TSN pools, while the CAO shows negative impacts concerning soil organic matter quality. The ACS is sensitive to investment, market diversity, education, and external organic residue addition, explaining the variations in AM and the TSN pools.

Suggested Citation

  • Diana Ayala-Montejo & Pablo Martínez-Zurimendi & Juan Fernando Gallardo-Lancho & Rufo Sánchez-Hernández & Eduardo Valdés-Velarde & Teresita de Jesús Santiago-Vera & Joel Pérez-Nieto, 2025. "Agronomic Management, Socioeconomic Factors, and Carbon and Nitrogen Pools in Avocado–Coffee Systems in Huatusco, Veracruz, México," Resources, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-17, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jresou:v:14:y:2025:i:3:p:35-:d:1596687
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Loarry Gabriel-Hernández & Victor L. Barradas, 2024. "Panorama of Coffee Cultivation in the Central Zone of Veracruz State, Mexico: Identification of Main Stressors and Challenges to Face," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-26, January.
    2. Jezeer, Rosalien E. & Santos, Maria J. & Boot, René G.A. & Junginger, Martin & Verweij, Pita A., 2018. "Effects of shade and input management on economic performance of small-scale Peruvian coffee systems," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 179-190.
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