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Authentication of Counterfeit Hundred Ringgit Malaysian Banknotes Using Fuzzy Graph Method

Author

Listed:
  • Nurfarhana Hassan

    (Mathematical Sciences Studies, College of Computing, Informatics, and Media, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Johor, Kampus Segamat, Segamat 85000, Malaysia)

  • Tahir Ahmad

    (Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia)

  • Naji Arafat Mahat

    (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia
    Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia)

  • Hasmerya Maarof

    (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia)

  • Mujahid Abdullahi

    (Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia
    Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sule Lamido University, 048 SLU Kafin Hausa, Kano 700271, Nigeria)

  • Nur Farah Dina Ajid

    (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia)

  • Zarith Sofia Jasmi

    (Department of Finance, Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Johor, Kampus Segamat, Segamat 85000, Malaysia)

  • Foo Keat How

    (Crime Investigation Department, Sentul District Police Headquarters, Royal Malaysia Police, Kuala Lumpur 51200, Malaysia)

Abstract

A banknote is a currency issued by a country, and it was first introduced in the 16th century. The counterfeiting of banknotes by cunning criminals became a great challenge with the current advanced technology. Forensic scientists are using chemical methods, such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for differentiating genuine and counterfeit banknotes. However, the FTIR spectra of banknotes may require further pattern recognition analysis due to their high similarities. In this paper, a fuzzy graph-based algorithm for authentication of the FTIR spectrum, namely chemometrics fuzzy autocatalytic set (c-FACS), is used to discriminate between genuine and counterfeit hundred Ringgit Malaysian (RM100) banknotes. The results show that the genuine and counterfeit RM100 banknotes have slightly distinct patterns when analyzed using c-FACS. In addition, the results are compared with RM50 banknotes, and the results reveal that the nodes or dominant axis varies between the two banknotes. To verify the reliability of the results, the results obtained via c-FACS are compared with principal component analysis (PCA). The c-FACS showed better performances as compared to PCA in terms of time consumption and observation. Thus, the c-FACS has the ability to assist forensic investigations involving banknote counterfeiting crimes.

Suggested Citation

  • Nurfarhana Hassan & Tahir Ahmad & Naji Arafat Mahat & Hasmerya Maarof & Mujahid Abdullahi & Nur Farah Dina Ajid & Zarith Sofia Jasmi & Foo Keat How, 2023. "Authentication of Counterfeit Hundred Ringgit Malaysian Banknotes Using Fuzzy Graph Method," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-12, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:11:y:2023:i:4:p:1002-:d:1070100
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Richard G. Anderson & Marcela M. Williams, 2007. "Currency design in the United States and abroad: counterfeit deterrence and visual accessibility," Review, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, vol. 89(Sep), pages 371-414.
    2. Richard G. Anderson & Marcela M. Williams, 2007. "Handicapping currency design: counterfeit deterrence and visual accessibility in the United States and abroad," Working Papers 2007-011, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
    3. Nurfarhana Hassan & Tahir Ahmad & Norhidayu M. Zain & Siti Rahmah Awang, 2020. "A Fuzzy Graph Based Chemometrics Method for Gelatin Authentication," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 8(11), pages 1-18, November.
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