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Internet of Drones: Routing Algorithms, Techniques and Challenges

Author

Listed:
  • Syed Kamran Haider

    (College of Internet of Things Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou 213001, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Ali Nauman

    (Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si 38541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Muhammad Ali Jamshed

    (James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK)

  • Aimin Jiang

    (College of Internet of Things Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou 213001, China)

  • Sahar Batool

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

  • Sung Won Kim

    (Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si 38541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea)

Abstract

In the past decades, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, have drawn more attention in the academic domain and exploration in the research fields of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Moreover, applications of drones aid operations related to military support, agriculture industry, and smart Internet-of-Things (IoT). Currently, the use of drone based IoT, also known as Internet-of-Drones (IoD), and their design challenges and techniques are being probed by researchers around the globe. The placement of drones (nodes) is an important consideration in a IoD environment and is closely related to the properties of IoT. Given a base station (BS), sensor nodes (SNs) and IoT devices are designed to capture the signals transmitted by the BS and make use of internet connectivity in a manner to facilitate users. Mutual benefit can be achieved by integrating drones into IoT. The drone based cluster models are not free from challenges. Routing protocols have to be substantiated by key algorithms. Drones are designed to be specific to applications, but the underlying principles are the same. Optimization algorithms are the gateway to better accuracy, performance, and reliability. This article discusses some of these optimization algorithms, include genetic algorithm (GA), bee optimization algorithm, and Chicken Swarm Optimization Clustering Algorithm (CSOCA). Finally, the routing schemes, protocols, and challenges in the context of IoD are discussed.

Suggested Citation

  • Syed Kamran Haider & Ali Nauman & Muhammad Ali Jamshed & Aimin Jiang & Sahar Batool & Sung Won Kim, 2022. "Internet of Drones: Routing Algorithms, Techniques and Challenges," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-21, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:10:y:2022:i:9:p:1488-:d:805592
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Rashid Ali & Hyung Seok Kim, 2022. "Applied Mathematics for 5th Generation (5G) and beyond Communication Systems," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(16), pages 1-2, August.
    2. Young-Hwan You & Yong-An Jung & Sung-Hun Lee & Intae Hwang, 2023. "Blockwise Joint Detection of Physical Cell Identity and Carrier Frequency Offset for Narrowband IoT Applications," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(18), pages 1-18, September.
    3. Young-Hwan You & Yong-An Jung & Sung-Hun Lee & Intae Hwang, 2022. "Complexity-Efficient Coherent Physical Cell Identity Detection Method for Cellular IoT Systems," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(16), pages 1-18, August.

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