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Assessing the Effects of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Contributions in Parishan Wetland, Iran

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  • Mohammad Kazemi Garajeh

    (Department of Civil, Constructional and Environmental Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
    Department of Engineering, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy)

  • Khalil Valizadeh Kamran

    (Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran)

  • Bakhtiar Feizizadeh

    (Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran)

  • Omid Ghaffari Aliabad

    (Geomatics Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 3879145371, Iran)

  • Mousa Saei

    (Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 3879145371, Iran)

  • Amin Sadeqi

    (Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland)

Abstract

Wetlands provide essential benefits, including flood control, water quality enhancement, shoreline erosion prevention, natural resource conservation, recreational opportunities, and esthetic value. However, climate change and human activities have recently posed significant threats to these ecosystems. To address this issue, we employed an integrated approach combining remote sensing and the cloud-free Google Earth Engine (GEE) to monitor the impacts of climate change and human activities on Parishan Wetland in Iran. In this study, various climatic and anthropogenic factors, including air temperature (AT), precipitation, built-up area, croplands, and groundwater storage, were analyzed over the period from 2001 to 2010 to explore their potential effects on wetland conditions. The Pearson correlation test was used to assess the relationships between these variables and wetland health. Also, non-parametric Mann–Kendall (MK) and Pettitt tests were employed to identify monotonic trends and shifts in the time series. The findings suggest a complex interplay of climatic and anthropogenic factors impacting the wetland’s ecosystem. Groundwater availability emerged as the most influential factor, with a very strong positive correlation of 0.92, highlighting the critical role of groundwater in sustaining wetland ecosystems. Air temperature values in recent years have shown a significant increasing trend, while precipitation exhibits a statistically significant decreasing trend. These factors, along with the slightly increasing built-up area, which negatively impacts the natural ecosystem, indicate an urgent need to restore the wetland.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammad Kazemi Garajeh & Khalil Valizadeh Kamran & Bakhtiar Feizizadeh & Omid Ghaffari Aliabad & Mousa Saei & Amin Sadeqi, 2025. "Assessing the Effects of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Contributions in Parishan Wetland, Iran," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-15, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:14:y:2025:i:2:p:313-:d:1582977
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mitsch, William J. & Gosselink, James G., 2000. "The value of wetlands: importance of scale and landscape setting," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 35(1), pages 25-33, October.
    2. Abbas Mirzaei & Mansour Zibaei, 2021. "Water Conflict Management between Agriculture and Wetland under Climate Change: Application of Economic-Hydrological-Behavioral Modelling," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 35(1), pages 1-21, January.
    3. A. N. Pettitt, 1979. "A Non‐Parametric Approach to the Change‐Point Problem," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 28(2), pages 126-135, June.
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