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Energy Utilization and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions of Tillage Operation in Wetland Rice Cultivation

Author

Listed:
  • Suha Elsoragaby

    (Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum, Khartoum P.O. Box 321, Sudan)

  • A. F. Kheiralla

    (Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum, Khartoum P.O. Box 321, Sudan)

  • Elkamil Tola

    (Precision Agriculture Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh 11415, Saudi Arabia)

  • Azmi Yahya

    (Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor D. E., Malaysia)

  • Modather Mairghany

    (Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor D. E., Malaysia)

  • Mojahid Ahmed

    (Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum, Khartoum P.O. Box 321, Sudan)

  • Wael M. Elamin

    (Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum, Khartoum P.O. Box 321, Sudan)

  • Bahaaddein K. M. Mahgoub

    (Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum, Khartoum P.O. Box 321, Sudan)

Abstract

In Malaysia, wetland rice is cultivated over two cropping seasons: the main season, from June to November, and the off-season, from January to June. The aim of this study was to investigate tillage operations in rice production in relation to actual field operations and under real field conditions for two rice cultivation seasons. The results showed that 80.7%, 17%, and 2.3% of the total time was spent on the actual operation, turning time, and reversing time, respectively. The results also showed that the mean effective field capacity, field efficiency, and fuel consumption were 1.2 ha/h, 80%, and 7.6 L/ha, respectively. The distribution of energy used in the first, second, and third tillage passes amounted to 37%, 33%, and 30% of the total energy, respectively. Fuel, machinery, and total GHG emissions were 62.4, 7.6, and 70 kg CO 2 eq/ha, respectively. Fuel represented the highest contributor of energy expenditure and GHG emissions. The distributions of GHG emissions in the first, second, and third tillage passes were 37%, 32%, and 31% of the total GHG emissions. The results reveal that carrying out minimum-tillage operations led to a reduction in environmental impacts.

Suggested Citation

  • Suha Elsoragaby & A. F. Kheiralla & Elkamil Tola & Azmi Yahya & Modather Mairghany & Mojahid Ahmed & Wael M. Elamin & Bahaaddein K. M. Mahgoub, 2024. "Energy Utilization and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions of Tillage Operation in Wetland Rice Cultivation," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-13, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:13:y:2024:i:5:p:587-:d:1385217
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    References listed on IDEAS

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