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Laboratory Model Tests on the Deformation and Failure of Terraced Loess Slopes Induced by Extreme Rainfall

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  • Jun Jia

    (Key Laboratory for Geo-Hazard in Loess Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi’an Center of China Geological Survey, Xi’an 710119, China
    State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China)

  • Xiangjun Pei

    (State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China)

  • Xiaopeng Guo

    (Key Laboratory for Geo-Hazard in Loess Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi’an Center of China Geological Survey, Xi’an 710119, China)

  • Shenghua Cui

    (State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China)

  • Pingping Sun

    (Department of Civil Engineering, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China)

  • Haoran Fan

    (Department of Civil Engineering, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China)

  • Xiaochao Zhang

    (State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China)

  • Qi Gu

    (Key Laboratory for Geo-Hazard in Loess Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi’an Center of China Geological Survey, Xi’an 710119, China)

Abstract

Heavy rainfall is the main factor inducing the failure of loess slopes. However, the failure mechanism and mode of terraced loess slopes under heavy rainfall have not been well investigated and understood. This paper presents the experimental study on the deformation and failure of terraced loess slopes with different gradients under extreme rainfall conditions. The deformation and failure processes of the slope and the migration of the wetting front within the slope during rainfall were captured by the digital cameras installed on the top and side of the test box. In addition, the mechanical and hydrological responses of the slope, including earth pressure, water content, pore water pressure, and matric suction, were monitored and analyzed under rainfall infiltration and erosion. The experimental study shows that the deformation and failure of terraced loess slopes under heavy rainfall conditions exhibit the characteristic of progressive erosion damage. In general, the steeper the slope, the more severe the deformation and failure, and the shorter the time required for erosion failure. The data obtained from sensors embedded in the slope can reflect the mechanical and hydraulic characteristics of the slope in response to rainfall. The earth pressure and pore water pressure in the slope exhibit a fluctuating pattern with continued rainfall. The failure mode of terraced loess slopes under extreme rainfall can be summarized into five stages: erosion of slope surface and formation of small gullies and cracks, expansion of gullies and cracks along the slope surface, widening and deepening of gullies, local collapse and flow-slip of the slope, and large-scale collapse of the slope. The findings can provide preliminary data references for researchers to better understand the failure characteristics of terraced loess slopes under extreme rainfall and to further validate the results of numerical simulations and analytical solutions.

Suggested Citation

  • Jun Jia & Xiangjun Pei & Xiaopeng Guo & Shenghua Cui & Pingping Sun & Haoran Fan & Xiaochao Zhang & Qi Gu, 2024. "Laboratory Model Tests on the Deformation and Failure of Terraced Loess Slopes Induced by Extreme Rainfall," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-22, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:13:y:2024:i:10:p:1631-:d:1493791
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Nikola Živanović & Vukašin Rončević & Marko Spasić & Stevan Ćorluka & Siniša Polovina, 2022. "Construction and calibration of a portable rain simulator designed for the in situ research of soil resistance to erosion," Soil and Water Research, Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 17(3), pages 158-169.
    2. Y. Tang & Q. Xue & Z. Li & W. Feng, 2015. "Three modes of rainfall infiltration inducing loess landslide," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 79(1), pages 137-150, October.
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