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Measures of Greenspace Exposure and Their Association to Health-Related Outcomes for the Periods before and during the 2020 Lockdown: A Cross-Sectional Study in the West of England

Author

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  • Ahmed Tarek Zaky Fouad

    (Centre for Sustainable Planning and Environments, School of Architecture and Environment, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Stoke Gifford, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK)

  • Danielle Sinnett

    (Centre for Sustainable Planning and Environments, School of Architecture and Environment, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Stoke Gifford, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK)

  • Isabelle Bray

    (Centre for Public Health and Wellbeing, Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Stoke Gifford, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK)

  • Rachael McClatchey

    (Centre for Public Health and Wellbeing, Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Stoke Gifford, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
    Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, Department for Health and Social Care, 2 Rivergate, Temple Quay, Bristol BS1 6EH, UK)

  • Rebecca Reece

    (Centre for Public Health and Wellbeing, Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Stoke Gifford, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK)

Abstract

Greenspaces are argued to be one of the important features in the urban environment that impact the health of the population. Previous research suggested either positive, negative, or no associations between greenspaces and health-related outcomes. This paper takes a step backward to, first, explore different quantitative spatial measures of evaluating greenspace exposure, before attempting to investigate the relationship between those measures and health-related outcomes. The study uses self-reported health data from an online cross-sectional survey conducted for residents in the West of England. This yielded data of greenspace use, physical activity, wellbeing (ICECAP-A score), and connectedness to nature for 617 participants, divided into two sets: health outcomes for the period before versus during the 2020 lockdown. The study uses the participants’ postcodes (provided in the survey) to calculate eleven spatial measures of greenspace exposure using the software ArcGIS Pro 2.9.5. A total of 88 multivariate regression models were run while controlling for eleven confounders of the participants’ characteristics. Results inferred 57 significant associations such that six spatial measures of greenspace exposure (NDVI R200m, NDVI R300m, NDVI R500m, Network Distance to nearest greenspace access, Euclidean Distance to nearest greenspace access, and Euclidean Distance to nearest 0.5 ha doorstep greenspace access) have significant association to at least one of the four health-related outcomes, suggesting a positive impact on population health when living in greener areas or being closer to greenspaces. Moreover, there are further significant associations between the frequency of use of greenspaces and increasing physical activity or feeling more connected to nature. Still, the residents’ patterns of using greenspaces significantly changed during versus before lockdown and has impacted the relationships between health outcomes and the greenspace exposure measures.

Suggested Citation

  • Ahmed Tarek Zaky Fouad & Danielle Sinnett & Isabelle Bray & Rachael McClatchey & Rebecca Reece, 2023. "Measures of Greenspace Exposure and Their Association to Health-Related Outcomes for the Periods before and during the 2020 Lockdown: A Cross-Sectional Study in the West of England," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-18, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:728-:d:1105067
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Victoria Houlden & Scott Weich & João Porto de Albuquerque & Stephen Jarvis & Karen Rees, 2018. "The relationship between greenspace and the mental wellbeing of adults: A systematic review," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(9), pages 1-35, September.
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    2. Miao Yue & Xinshuo Zhang & Junjie Zhang, 2024. "Biophilic Experience in High-Rise Residential Areas in China: Factor Structure and Validity of a Scale," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-19, March.

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