IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jlands/v11y2022i11p1994-d965486.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A Spatial Equilibrium Evaluation of Primary Education Services Based on Living Circle Models: A Case Study within the City of Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, China

Author

Listed:
  • An Huang

    (School of Public Administration, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
    School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors.)

  • Yueqing Xu

    (College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors.)

  • Yibin Zhang

    (School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

  • Longhui Lu

    (Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China)

  • Chao Liu

    (College of Public Administration, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China)

  • Piling Sun

    (School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276800, China)

  • Qingguo Liu

    (School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276800, China)

Abstract

Primary education services are a key component of public infrastructure. These services exert significant impacts on public activity, sustainability, and healthy socio-economic development. This research applies the concept of a ‘living circle’ in order to evaluate the spatial equilibrium of education services in existing primary schools. This has enabled equilibrium planning schemes to be proposed for primary schools as well as the promotion and construction of livable and defensible living spaces. This area remains a key issue, however, one that urgently needs to be addressed in terms of the layout of public infrastructural services to facilitate livable living space construction. Thus, from the perspective of livable and defensible living space construction, the aim of this study was to construct a primary education equalization assessment method based on the walking living circle method. An equilibrium index was also designed based on the number of primary school students; this was then combined with the standard construction of new primary schools to optimize the spatial equilibrium of these education services. The city of Zhangjiakou City was then used as a case study; the spatial equilibrium of primary education services was evaluated across four living circle scenarios (i.e., 15 min, 20 min, 25 min, and 30 min). Results reveal that the city of Zhangjiakou currently offers dramatically spatially negative non-equilibrium primary education services (i.e., supply < demand) across four living circle scenarios, but most notably in rural areas away from urban areas and towns, especially in the counties of Shangyi, Chicheng, Chongli, Kangbao, and Guyuan. It is interesting to note that all living circle scenarios could enable positive non-equilibrium primary education services (i.e., supply > demand), mainly within the urban districts of Qiaodong, Xuanhua, Qiaoxi, Wanquan, and Xiahuayuan. It is also clear that equilibrium living circles are distributed across all counties. A spatial optimization proposal for primary school services should therefore be presented that alleviates the issues inherent to non-equilibrium primary education services. The results of this study offer a number of suggestions for education service optimization across the city of Zhangjiakou as well as for other cities in China. We also provide further scientific foundations for research on livable space and defensible unit construction as well as the spatial equilibrium evaluation of other public infrastructural service facilities

Suggested Citation

  • An Huang & Yueqing Xu & Yibin Zhang & Longhui Lu & Chao Liu & Piling Sun & Qingguo Liu, 2022. "A Spatial Equilibrium Evaluation of Primary Education Services Based on Living Circle Models: A Case Study within the City of Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-17, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:11:y:2022:i:11:p:1994-:d:965486
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/11/11/1994/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/11/11/1994/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Yansui Liu & Yuheng Li, 2017. "Revitalize the world’s countryside," Nature, Nature, vol. 548(7667), pages 275-277, August.
    2. Yuan Gao & Qingsong He & Yaolin Liu & Lingyu Zhang & Haofeng Wang & Enxiang Cai, 2016. "Imbalance in Spatial Accessibility to Primary and Secondary Schools in China: Guidance for Education Sustainability," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(12), pages 1-16, November.
    3. Brousselle, Astrid & Petit, Geneviève & Giraud, Marie-Josée & Rietmann, Michèle & Boisvert, Krystel & Foley, Véronique, 2016. "Using the evaluation process as a lever for improving health and healthcare accessibility: The case of HCV services organization in Quebec," Evaluation and Program Planning, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 134-143.
    4. Raymond G. Taylor & Michael L. Vasu & James F. Causby, 1999. "Integrated Planning for School and Community: The Case of Johnston County, North Carolina," Interfaces, INFORMS, vol. 29(1), pages 67-89, February.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Peng, Huamin & Qi, Lin & Wan, Guowei & Li, Bingqin & Hu, Bo, 2020. "Child population, economic development and regional inequality of education resources in China," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 110(C).
    2. R. S. Nikolaev & D. O. Egorov, 2022. "Modeling Optimization for School Network in Conditions of Rural Depopulation (the Case of the Yelabuga District in the Republic of Tatarstan)," Regional Research of Russia, Springer, vol. 12(3), pages 395-413, September.
    3. Yin, Qiqi & Sui, Xueyan & Ye, Bei & Zhou, Yujie & Li, Chengqiang & Zou, Mengmeng & Zhou, Shenglu, 2022. "What role does land consolidation play in the multi-dimensional rural revitalization in China? A research synthesis," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    4. Jinxia Zhu & Qian Xu & Yi Pan & Lefeng Qiu & Yi Peng & Haijun Bao, 2018. "Land-Acquisition and Resettlement (LAR) Conflicts: A Perspective of Spatial Injustice of Urban Public Resources Allocation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-15, March.
    5. Hong, Huikun & Cai, Zhicong & Liao, Heping & Liu, Ting, 2024. "Rural housing-jobs synergy at the county level in mountainous and hilly areas of China: Spatio-temporal pattern and driving mechanism," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    6. Xuedong Li & Yunhui Liu & Yajuan Chen & Pengyao Li & Zhenrong Yu, 2019. "Village Regrouping in the Eastern Plains of China: A Perspective on Home-Field Distance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-17, March.
    7. Weiwei Wang & Lihua Zhou & Guojing Yang & Yan Sun & Yong Chen, 2019. "Prohibited Grazing Policy Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction in Rural Northwest China—A Case Study in Yanchi County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-17, November.
    8. Aftab Ahmed Memon & Zhimin Liu, 2019. "Assessment of Sustainable Development of the Performance of Higher Education Credentials in the Transitive Labor Market," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-14, May.
    9. F Caro & T Shirabe & M Guignard & A Weintraub, 2004. "School redistricting: embedding GIS tools with integer programming," Journal of the Operational Research Society, Palgrave Macmillan;The OR Society, vol. 55(8), pages 836-849, August.
    10. Eric Delmelle & Jean-Claude Thill & Dominique Peeters & Isabelle Thomas, 2014. "A multi-period capacitated school location problem with modular equipment and closest assignment considerations," Journal of Geographical Systems, Springer, vol. 16(3), pages 263-286, July.
    11. Ke, Xinli & Chen, Jing & Zuo, Chengchao & Wang, Xiaoqian, 2024. "The cropland intensive utilisation transition in China: An induced factor substitution perspective," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    12. Jiali Wan & Yanfang Liu & Yiyun Chen & Jiameng Hu & Zhengyu Wang, 2018. "A Tale of North and South: Balanced and Sustainable Development of Primary Education in Ningxia, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-16, February.
    13. Dong Han & Jiajun Qiao & Yuling Ma & Qiankun Zhu, 2022. "The influence of spatial interfaces on rural economic restructuring in rapidly industrializing areas: A case study of Gongyi city in central China," Growth and Change, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 53(3), pages 1210-1242, September.
    14. Xingchuan Gao & Tao Li & Xiaoshu Cao, 2019. "Spatial Fairness and Changes in Transport Infrastructure in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Area from 1976 to 2016," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-16, January.
    15. Chun Li & Xingwu Duan, 2020. "Exploration of Urban Interaction Features Based on the Cyber Information Flow of Migrant Concern: A Case Study of China’s Main Urban Agglomerations," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(12), pages 1-20, June.
    16. Giuseppe Bruno & Manuel Cavola & Antonio Diglio & Carmela Piccolo, 2022. "Geographical accessibility to upper secondary education: an Italian regional case study," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, vol. 69(2), pages 511-536, October.
    17. Ogryzek, Marek & Podawca, Konrad & Cienciała, Agnieszka, 2022. "Geospatial tools in the analyses of land use in the perspective of the accessibility of selected educational services in Poland," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 122(C).
    18. Wen, Qi & Li, Jin & Ding, Jinmei & Wang, Jue, 2023. "Evolutionary process and mechanism of population hollowing out in rural villages in the farming-pastoral ecotone of Northern China: A case study of Yanchi County, Ningxia," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    19. Jun Yang & Andong Guo & Xueming Li & Tai Huang, 2018. "Study of the Impact of a High-Speed Railway Opening on China’s Accessibility Pattern and Spatial Equality," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-13, August.
    20. Guillermo Durán & Rafael Epstein & Cristian Martinez & Gonzalo Andres Zamorano, 2011. "Quantitative Methods for a New Configuration of Territorial Units in a Chilean Government Agency Tender Process," Interfaces, INFORMS, vol. 41(3), pages 263-277, June.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:11:y:2022:i:11:p:1994-:d:965486. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.