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Livelihood Improvement through Agroforestry Compared to Conventional Farming System: Evidence from Northern Irrigated Plain, Pakistan

Author

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  • Shahzad Ahmad

    (School of Economics and Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Zhang Caihong

    (School of Economics and Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China)

  • E. M. B. P. Ekanayake

    (School of Economics and Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
    Department of Forest Conservation, Sampathpaya, P.O. Box 3 Battaramulla, Sri Lanka)

Abstract

The concept of sustainable livelihood garnered a prominent status in humanitarian and international development organizations that aim to calculate and build a livelihood for agroforestry farmers. However, it is difficult to measure and analyze as well as visualize the data of livelihood improvement from agroforestry (AF). This paper comparatively assessed 400 smallholder farmers’ livelihood through AF and conventional farming (CF) systems in the Northern Irrigated Plain of Pakistan. The findings showed that AF has a mixed impact on farmers’ livelihood capital, including human, physical, natural, financial and social capital. Specifically, AF significantly improved financial capital in terms of timber, non-timber and fuel wood income. Furthermore, the physical capital (buffalo plough, generators and sprinklers), natural capital (the extent of cultivated land and land ownership; the number of households (HHs) growing vegetables, fruit crops and medicinal crops) and social capital (the number of social groups that HHs involved and number of HHs sharing crop seeds) of AF farmer HHs were significantly improved compared to those of CF farmers. However, the results show that financial capital gain through crop income, HHs owning high-value vehicles (tractors) and farmers trust and collective activities were significantly higher in CF farmers than AF ones. Therefore, to enhance the contribution of AF to rural livelihood, advanced extension services and government involvement on research planning and implementing are needed.

Suggested Citation

  • Shahzad Ahmad & Zhang Caihong & E. M. B. P. Ekanayake, 2021. "Livelihood Improvement through Agroforestry Compared to Conventional Farming System: Evidence from Northern Irrigated Plain, Pakistan," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-18, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:10:y:2021:i:6:p:645-:d:576555
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Mulatu Fekadu Zerihun, 2021. "Agroforestry Practices in Livelihood Improvement in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-13, July.
    2. Shahzad Ahmad & Haiping Xu & E. M. B. P. Ekanayake, 2023. "Socioeconomic Determinants and Perceptions of Smallholder Farmers towards Agroforestry Adoption in Northern Irrigated Plain, Pakistan," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-25, April.
    3. Datta, Pritha & Behera, Bhagirath & Rahut, Dil Bahadur, 2024. "Assessing the role of agriculture-forestry-livestock nexus in improving farmers' food security in South Asia: A systematic literature review," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 213(C).
    4. Syed Aflatun Kabir Hemel & Mohammad Kamrul Hasan & Md. Abdul Wadud & Rojina Akter & Nasima Akther Roshni & Md. Tariqul Islam & Afsana Yasmin & Keya Akter, 2022. "Improvement of Farmers’ Livelihood through Choi Jhal ( Piper chaba )-Based Agroforestry System: Instance from the Northern Region of Bangladesh," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-20, December.
    5. Md. Mizanur Rahman & Hamidul Huq, 2023. "Implications of ICT for the Livelihoods of Women Farmers: A Study in the Teesta River Basin, Bangladesh," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-15, October.

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