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Soil Restoration through the Application of Organic Mulch Following Skidding Operations Causing Vehicle Induced Compaction in the Hyrcanian Forests, Northern Iran

Author

Listed:
  • Azadeh Khoramizadeh

    (Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, Alborz Campus, University of Tehran, Karaj 14176-43184, Iran)

  • Meghdad Jourgholami

    (Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, Alborz Campus, University of Tehran, Karaj 14176-43184, Iran)

  • Mohammad Jafari

    (Department of Reclamation of Arid & Mountainous Regions, Faculty of Natural Resources, Alborz Campus, University of Tehran, Karaj 14176-43184, Iran)

  • Rachele Venanzi

    (Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy)

  • Farzam Tavankar

    (Department of Forestry, Khalkhal Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khalkhal 56817-31367, Iran)

  • Rodolfo Picchio

    (Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy)

Abstract

In this study an attempt was made to assess how different mulches affect the soil environment. In particular, different organic mulches such as leaf litter, straw and sawdust were tested in order to assess their capacities to amend the soil conditions. These analyses were carried out in the Hyrcanian mixed broadleaved forest. Organic mulches can compensate the litter layer loss on compaction-induced soil and accelerate the restoration process of soil properties, which takes from a few years to several decades without mulching. However, comprehensive knowledge on the effects of organic mulch on soil quality in terms of compaction-induced soil in the scientific literature is still scarce and inadequate. The main aim of the study was to examine the effects of three organic mulches (leaf litter, straw and sawdust) on the restoration of forestry vehicle-induced soil properties in the skid trail over a 2-year period. The results showed as the values of soil physical and chemical properties in litter, straw and sawdust treatments were significantly restored as compared with the values in the untreated soil. In general, leaf litter supplies nutrients at higher rates than the straw and sawdust mulches. However, according to the current results, a 2-year period is not enough to return the soil physical and chemical properties to pre-traffic levels. Furthermore, the present study shows that organic mulch spread on the surface of mineral soil in the skid trails after machine traffic acts as a fertilizer to accelerate the decomposition of organic matter.

Suggested Citation

  • Azadeh Khoramizadeh & Meghdad Jourgholami & Mohammad Jafari & Rachele Venanzi & Farzam Tavankar & Rodolfo Picchio, 2021. "Soil Restoration through the Application of Organic Mulch Following Skidding Operations Causing Vehicle Induced Compaction in the Hyrcanian Forests, Northern Iran," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-17, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:10:y:2021:i:10:p:1060-:d:652079
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Meghdad Jourgholami & Azadeh Khoramizadeh & Angela Lo Monaco & Rachele Venanzi & Francesco Latterini & Farzam Tavankar & Rodolfo Picchio, 2021. "Evaluation of Leaf Litter Mulching and Incorporation on Skid Trails for the Recovery of Soil Physico-Chemical and Biological Properties of Mixed Broadleaved Forests," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-15, June.
    2. Janine Schweier & Boško Blagojević & Rachele Venanzi & Francesco Latterini & Rodolfo Picchio, 2019. "Sustainability Assessment of Alternative Strip Clear Cutting Operations for Wood Chip Production in Renaturalization Management of Pine Stands," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-26, August.
    3. Meghdad Jourgholami & Ali Nasirian & Eric R. Labelle, 2018. "Ecological Restoration of Compacted Soil Following the Application of Different Leaf Litter Mulches on the Skid Trail over a Five-Year Period," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-16, June.
    4. Hadi Sohrabi & Meghdad Jourgholami & Mohammad Jafari & Naghi Shabanian & Rachele Venanzi & Farzam Tavankar & Rodolfo Picchio, 2020. "Soil Recovery Assessment after Timber Harvesting Based on the Sustainable Forest Operation (SFO) Perspective in Iranian Temperate Forests," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-18, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Hadi Sohrabi & Meghdad Jourgholami & Angela Lo Monaco & Rodolfo Picchio, 2022. "Effects of Forest Harvesting Operations on the Recovery of Earthworms and Nematodes in the Hyrcanain Old-Growth Forest: Assessment, Mitigation, and Best Management Practice," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-15, May.

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