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Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Levels of Urinary Metals in the U.S. Youth and Adult Population: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2004

Author

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  • Patricia A. Richter

    (Office of Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA)

  • Ellen E. Bishop

    (Chronic & Infectious Disease Research Program, RTI International. Atlanta, GA 30341, USA)

  • Jiantong Wang

    (Chronic & Infectious Disease Research Program, RTI International. Atlanta, GA 30341, USA)

  • Monica H. Swahn

    (Institute of Public Health, College of Health and Human Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA)

Abstract

We assessed 12 urine metals in tobacco smoke-exposed and not exposed National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants. Our analysis included age, race/ethnicity, and poverty status. Gender and racial/ethnic differences in cadmium and lead and creatinine-adjusted and unadjusted data for group comparisons are presented. Smokers’ had higher cadmium, lead, antimony, and barium levels than nonsmokers. Highest lead levels were in the youngest subjects. Lead levels among adults with high second-hand smoke exposure equaled smokers. Older smokers had cadmium levels signaling the potential for cadmium-related toxicity. Given the potential toxicity of metals, our findings complement existing research on exposure to chemicals in tobacco smoke.

Suggested Citation

  • Patricia A. Richter & Ellen E. Bishop & Jiantong Wang & Monica H. Swahn, 2009. "Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Levels of Urinary Metals in the U.S. Youth and Adult Population: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2004," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 6(7), pages 1-17, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:6:y:2009:i:7:p:1930-1946:d:5280
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Piyush Kant Pandey & Sushma Yadav & Madhurima Pandey, 2007. "Human Arsenic Poisoning Issues in Central-East Indian Locations: Biomarkers and Biochemical Monitoring," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 4(1), pages 1-8, March.
    2. Schectman, G. & Byrd, J.C. & Gruchow, H.W., 1989. "The influence of smoking on vitamin C status in adults," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 79(2), pages 158-162.
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    Cited by:

    1. Zhao Dong & Michael S. Bank & John D. Spengler, 2015. "Assessing Metal Exposures in a Community near a Cement Plant in the Northeast U.S," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-18, January.
    2. Maddalena Mallozzi & Chiara Leone & Francesca Manurita & Filippo Bellati & Donatella Caserta, 2017. "Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Endometrial Cancer: An Overview of Recent Laboratory Evidence and Epidemiological Studies," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-23, March.
    3. Patricia Richter & Obaid Faroon & R. Steven Pappas, 2017. "Cadmium and Cadmium/Zinc Ratios and Tobacco-Related Morbidities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-19, September.

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