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Potential Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution on Dementia: A Longitudinal Analysis in American Indians Aged 55 Years and Older

Author

Listed:
  • Yachen Zhu

    (Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA)

  • Yuxi Shi

    (Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA)

  • Scott M. Bartell

    (Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
    Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA)

  • Maria M. Corrada

    (Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
    Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA)

  • Spero M. Manson

    (Centers for American Indian and Alaska Native Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA)

  • Joan O’Connell

    (Centers for American Indian and Alaska Native Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA)

  • Luohua Jiang

    (Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
    Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA)

Abstract

(1) Background: American Indians are disproportionately affected by air pollution, an important risk factor for dementia. However, few studies have investigated the effects of air pollution on the risk of dementia among American Indians. (2) Methods: This retrospective cohort study included a total of 26,871 American Indians who were 55+ years old in 2007, with an average follow-up of 3.67 years. County-level average air pollution data were downloaded from land-use regression models. All-cause dementia was identified using ICD-9 diagnostic codes from the Indian Health Service’s (IHS) National Data Warehouse and related administrative databases. Cox models were employed to examine the association of air pollution with dementia incidence, adjusting for co-exposures and potential confounders. (3) Results: The average PM 2.5 levels in the IHS counties were lower than those in all US counties, while the mean O 3 levels in the IHS counties were higher than the US counties. Multivariable Cox regressions revealed a positive association between dementia and county-level O 3 with a hazard ratio of 1.24 (95% CI: 1.02–1.50) per 1 ppb standardized O 3 . PM 2.5 and NO 2 were not associated with dementia risk after adjusting for all covariates. (4) Conclusions: O 3 is associated with a higher risk of dementia among American Indians.

Suggested Citation

  • Yachen Zhu & Yuxi Shi & Scott M. Bartell & Maria M. Corrada & Spero M. Manson & Joan O’Connell & Luohua Jiang, 2024. "Potential Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution on Dementia: A Longitudinal Analysis in American Indians Aged 55 Years and Older," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(2), pages 1-13, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:21:y:2024:i:2:p:128-:d:1325911
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Zuckerman, S. & Haley, J. & Roubideaux, Y. & Lillie-Blanton, M., 2004. "Health Service Access, Use, and Insurance Coverage among American Indians/Alaska Natives and Whites: What Role Does the Indian Health Service Play?," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 94(1), pages 53-59.
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