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The Economic Impact of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Patients with Systemic Autoimmune Diseases During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author

Listed:
  • Valentina Lorenzoni

    (Intitute of Management, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy)

  • Gianni Andreozzi

    (Intitute of Management, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy)

  • Ilaria Palla

    (Intitute of Management, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy)

  • Chiara Tani

    (Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy)

  • Claudia Carmassi

    (Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy)

  • Giovanni Fulvio

    (Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy)

  • Francesca Trentin

    (Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy)

  • Sara Fantasia

    (Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy)

  • Lorenzo Conti

    (Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy)

  • Liliana Dell’Osso

    (Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy)

  • Marta Mosca

    (Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy)

  • Giuseppe Turchetti

    (Intitute of Management, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy)

Abstract

Background: The present work aimed to estimate the economic impact of PTSD following COVID-19 in a population of patients affected by systemic autoimmune disease (SAD) using a cost-of-illness approach and accounting for the perspective of society. Methods: Considering data collected from SAD patients enrolled in a specialized outpatient clinic in the Tuscany region, Italy, generalized linear models and LASSO logistic regression were used to evaluate the impact of PTSD on costs and its relevance as a possible predictor of being a high-cost patient, respectively. Results: Considering 301 SAD patients, 161 (51.2%) of whom were diagnosed with PTSD, the overall costs were EUR 3670 [890; 40,529] per patient/year among patients with PTSD and EUR 2736.7 [283; 21,078] per patient/year among those without PTSD ( p -value < 0.001), with differences mainly attributable to significantly greater direct non-healthcare and indirect costs. PTSD was estimated to increase overall costs (β = 0.296 (0.140), p -value = 0.035), direct non-healthcare (β = 1.193 (0.392), p -value = 0.002), and indirect costs (β = 3.741 (1.136), p -value = 0.001). PTSD diagnosis was also significantly associated with the likelihood of being a high-cost patient. Conclusions: Findings from the present study offer a novel perspective on the economic impact of COVID-19 and provide valuable data for policymakers to better understand the demand for healthcare services and associated costs.

Suggested Citation

  • Valentina Lorenzoni & Gianni Andreozzi & Ilaria Palla & Chiara Tani & Claudia Carmassi & Giovanni Fulvio & Francesca Trentin & Sara Fantasia & Lorenzo Conti & Liliana Dell’Osso & Marta Mosca & Giusepp, 2024. "The Economic Impact of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Patients with Systemic Autoimmune Diseases During the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(11), pages 1-16, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:21:y:2024:i:11:p:1476-:d:1515090
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Cuiyan Wang & Riyu Pan & Xiaoyang Wan & Yilin Tan & Linkang Xu & Cyrus S. Ho & Roger C. Ho, 2020. "Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-25, March.
    2. Amal Malehi & Fatemeh Pourmotahari & Kambiz Angali, 2015. "Statistical models for the analysis of skewed healthcare cost data: a simulation study," Health Economics Review, Springer, vol. 5(1), pages 1-16, December.
    3. Drummond, Michael F. & Sculpher, Mark J. & Claxton, Karl & Stoddart, Greg L. & Torrance, George W., 2015. "Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, edition 4, number 9780199665884.
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