IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v21y2023i1p55-d1310624.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Health Risk Assessment of Nitrate in Drinking Water with Potential Source Identification: A Case Study in Almaty, Kazakhstan

Author

Listed:
  • Yerbolat Sailaukhanuly

    (Laboratory of Engineering Profile, Satbayev University, 22a Satpaev Str., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
    Central Asian Institute for Ecological Research, 300/26 Dostyk Ave., Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan)

  • Seitkhan Azat

    (Laboratory of Engineering Profile, Satbayev University, 22a Satpaev Str., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan)

  • Makhabbat Kunarbekova

    (Laboratory of Engineering Profile, Satbayev University, 22a Satpaev Str., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan)

  • Adylkhan Tovassarov

    (Central Asian Institute for Ecological Research, 300/26 Dostyk Ave., Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan)

  • Kainaubek Toshtay

    (Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan)

  • Zhandos Tauanov

    (Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan)

  • Lars Carlsen

    (Awareness Center, Linkøpingvej 35, Trekroner, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark)

  • Ronny Berndtsson

    (Division of Water Resources Engineering & Centre for Advanced Middle Eastern Studies, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden)

Abstract

Infant mortality in Kazakhstan is six times higher compared with the EU. There are several reasons for this, but a partial reason might be that less than 30% of Kazakhstan’s population has access to safe water and sanitation and more than 57% uses polluted groundwater from wells that do not comply with international standards. For example, nitrate pollution in surface and groundwater continues to increase due to intensified agriculture and the discharge of untreated wastewater, causing concerns regarding environmental and human health. For this reason, drinking water samples were collected from the water supply distribution network in eight districts of Almaty, Kazakhstan, and water quality constituents, including nitrate, were analyzed. In several districts, the nitrate concentration was above the WHO and Kazakhstan’s maximum permissible limits for drinking water. The spatial distribution of high nitrate concentration in drinking water was shown to be strongly correlated with areas that are supplied with groundwater, whereas areas with lower nitrate levels are supplied with surface water sources. Based on source identification, it was shown that groundwater is likely polluted by mainly domestic wastewater. The health risk for infants, children, teenagers, and adults was assessed based on chronic daily intake, and the hazard quotient (HQ) of nitrate intake from drinking water was determined. The non-carcinogenic risks increased in the following manner: adult < teenager < child < infant. For infants and children, the HQ was greater than the acceptable level and higher than that of other age groups, thus pointing to infants and children as the most vulnerable age group due to drinking water intake in the study area. Different water management options are suggested to improve the health situation of the population now drinking nitrate-polluted groundwater.

Suggested Citation

  • Yerbolat Sailaukhanuly & Seitkhan Azat & Makhabbat Kunarbekova & Adylkhan Tovassarov & Kainaubek Toshtay & Zhandos Tauanov & Lars Carlsen & Ronny Berndtsson, 2023. "Health Risk Assessment of Nitrate in Drinking Water with Potential Source Identification: A Case Study in Almaty, Kazakhstan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(1), pages 1-14, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:21:y:2023:i:1:p:55-:d:1310624
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/21/1/55/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/21/1/55/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Sachs,Jeffrey D. & Kroll,Christian & Lafortune,Guillame & Fuller,Grayson & Woelm,Finn, 2022. "Sustainable Development Report 2022," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9781009210034, January.
    2. Mary H. Ward & Rena R. Jones & Jean D. Brender & Theo M. De Kok & Peter J. Weyer & Bernard T. Nolan & Cristina M. Villanueva & Simone G. Van Breda, 2018. "Drinking Water Nitrate and Human Health: An Updated Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-31, July.
    3. Sachs,Jeffrey D. & Kroll,Christian & Lafortune,Guillame & Fuller,Grayson & Woelm,Finn, 2022. "Sustainable Development Report 2022," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9781009210089, January.
    4. Nejatijahromi, Zohre & Nassery, Hamid Reza & Hosono, Takahiro & Nakhaei, Mohammad & Alijani, Farshad & Okumura, Azusa, 2019. "Groundwater nitrate contamination in an area using urban wastewaters for agricultural irrigation under arid climate condition, southeast of Tehran, Iran," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 221(C), pages 397-414.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Fareri, Silvia & Apreda, Riccardo & Mulas, Valentina & Alonso, Ruben, 2023. "The worker profiler: Assessing the digital skill gaps for enhancing energy efficiency in manufacturing," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 196(C).
    2. Kyoko Sasaki & Wendy Stubbs & Megan Farrelly, 2023. "The relationship between corporate purpose and the sustainable development goals in large Japanese companies," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 30(5), pages 2475-2489, September.
    3. TRIARCHI Eirini & KOLIAS Georgios & KYPRIOTELIS Efstratios, 2023. "Exploring the Role of Institutional Governance in Climate Action in the Western Balkans Economies," European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Bucharest Economic Academy, issue 02, June.
    4. Most. Asikha Aktar & Al-Amrani Khadeem Ali Dhahi & Usman Abdullahi, 2024. "Advancing Sustainable Development through the lens of Energy Efficiency: A Systematic Literature Review," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(5), pages 168-180, September.
    5. Gamze Sart, 2022. "Impact of Higher Education and Globalization on Sustainable Development in the New EU Member States," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-13, September.
    6. Chiuhsiang Joe Lin & Remba Yanuar Efranto, 2023. "Do Age and Gender Change the Perception of Workplace Social Sustainability?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-15, March.
    7. de Moura, Fernanda Senra & Barbrook-Johnson, Peter, 2022. "Using data-driven systems mapping to contextualise complexity economics insights," INET Oxford Working Papers 2022-27, Institute for New Economic Thinking at the Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford.
    8. Rakotoarimanana Zy Misa Harivelo & Rakotoarimanana Zy Harifidy, 2022. "A Review of Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development in Madagascar," J, MDPI, vol. 5(4), pages 1-20, November.
    9. Antonio Sianes & Luis A. Fernández-Portillo & Adela Toscano-Valle & Elena Pérez-Velasco, 2023. "Heterogeneity in financing for development strategies as a hindering factor to achieve a global agreement on the 2030 Agenda," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 10(1), pages 1-13, December.
    10. Alnafrah, Ibrahim & Belyaeva, Zhanna, 2024. "The nonlinear road to happiness: Making sense of ESGD impacts on well-being," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 365-381.
    11. Renata Dana Nițu-Antonie & Emőke-Szidónia Feder & Kristina Stamenovic & Adrian Brudan, 2022. "A Moderated Serial–Parallel Mediation Model of Sustainable Entrepreneurial Intention of Youth with Higher Education Studies in Romania," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-22, October.
    12. Audronė Urmanavičienė & Eglė Butkevičienė, 2023. "The Role of Work Integration Social Enterprises in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case Study of Lithuania," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-21, February.
    13. Nina Weitz & Henrik Carlsen & Therese Bennich & Måns Nilsson & Åsa Persson, 2023. "Returning to core principles to advance the 2030 Agenda," Nature Sustainability, Nature, vol. 6(10), pages 1145-1148, October.
    14. Delpy, Léo, 2024. "Protection or pressure? reciprocity in informal social protection in southern Madagascar," World Development Perspectives, Elsevier, vol. 34(C).
    15. Abbas, Shujaat & Sinha, Avik & Saha, Tanaya & Shah, Muhammad Ibrahim, 2023. "Response of mineral market to renewable energy production in the USA: Where lies the sustainable energy future," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    16. Leocardia Ranga & Francesco Noci & Ana P. Vale & Maria Dermiki, 2023. "Insect-Based Feed Acceptance amongst Consumers and Farmers in Ireland: A Pilot Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-19, July.
    17. Akrum Helfaya & Phuong Bui, 2022. "Exploring the Status Quo of Adopting the 17 UN SDGs in a Developing Country—Evidence from Vietnam," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-29, November.
    18. Jai Mohan Pandit & Bino Paul, 2023. "Gender Diversity, Sustainable Development Goals and Human Resource Management Practices in Higher Education," Indian Journal of Human Development, , vol. 17(1), pages 111-130, April.
    19. Sandeep Kumar & Snehashish Chakraverty & Narayan Sethi, 2023. "Multidimensional Poverty: CMPI Development, Spatial Analysis and Clustering," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 169(1), pages 647-670, September.
    20. Torrisi, Orsola, 2024. "Violent instability and modern contraception: Evidence from Mali," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 177(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:21:y:2023:i:1:p:55-:d:1310624. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.