IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v20y2023i5p4539-d1087174.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A New Interpretation of Relative Importance on an Analysis of Per and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) Exposures on Bone Mineral Density

Author

Listed:
  • Andrea B. Kirk

    (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460, USA)

  • Alisa DeStefano

    (Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA 01610, USA)

  • Alexander Martin

    (Department of Computer Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA)

  • Karli C. Kirk

    (Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA)

  • Clyde F. Martin

    (Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA)

Abstract

Background: The relative contribution of environmental contaminants is an important, and frequently unanswered, question in human or ecological risk assessments. This interpretation of relative importance allows determination of the overall effect of a set of variables relative to other variables on an adverse health outcome. There are no underlying assumptions of independence of variables. The tool developed and used here is specifically designed for studying the effects of mixtures of chemicals on a particular function of the human body. Methods: We apply the approach to estimate the contributions of total exposure to six PFAS (perfluorodecanoic acid, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid, 2-(N-methyl-PFOSA) acetate, perfluorononanoic acid, perfluoroundecanoic acid and perfluoroundecanoic acid) to loss of bone mineral density relative to other factors related to risk of osteoporosis and bone fracture, using data from subjects who participated in the US National Health Examination and Nutrition Surveys (NHANES) of 2013–2014. Results: PFAS exposures contribute to bone mineral density changes relative to the following variables: age, weight, height, vitamin D2 and D3, gender, race, sex hormone binding globulin, testosterone, and estradiol. Conclusion: We note significant alterations to bone mineral density among more highly exposed adults and significant differences in effects between men and women.

Suggested Citation

  • Andrea B. Kirk & Alisa DeStefano & Alexander Martin & Karli C. Kirk & Clyde F. Martin, 2023. "A New Interpretation of Relative Importance on an Analysis of Per and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) Exposures on Bone Mineral Density," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-19, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:5:p:4539-:d:1087174
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/5/4539/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/5/4539/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Andrea B. Kirk & Kelsey Marie Plasse & Karli C. Kirk & Clyde F. Martin & Gamze Ozsoy, 2022. "Predicting Exposure to Perfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) among US Infants," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-16, July.
    2. Emmanuel Dartey & Dag G. Ellingsen & Balazs Berlinger & Yngvar Thomassen & Jon Ø. Odland & Jan Brox & Vincent K. Nartey & Francis A. Yeboah & Sandra Huber, 2021. "Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Human Serum Samples of Selected Populations from Ghana," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-15, February.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Tingting Ma & Chaoran Ye & Tiantian Wang & Xiuhua Li & Yongming Luo, 2022. "Toxicity of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances to Aquatic Invertebrates, Planktons, and Microorganisms," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-20, December.
    2. Yuxuan Tan & Zurui Zeng & Huanzhu Liang & Xueqiong Weng & Huojie Yao & Yingyin Fu & Yexin Li & Jingmin Chen & Xiangcai Wei & Chunxia Jing, 2022. "Association between Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Women’s Infertility, NHANES 2013–2016," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-15, November.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:5:p:4539-:d:1087174. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.